Impact of nationalism on america Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Impact of nationalism on america - Essay Example The actions that the members of a nation take when seeking to attain (or sustain) self-determination (â€Å"What is Nationalism?†). The nationalism brings up questions about the concept of nation which is usually defined in the terms of common ethnicity, origin or cultural ties. While an individual’s membership in a nation is oftentimes considered as voluntary. It also bring forth questions about whether or not self-determination should be understood as necessitating having complete statehood with complete authority over the domestic and international associations. Nationalism arises from the idea that the nation, in contrast to the nation—state is formant of aboriginal people to an area. It is also the longest-lasting and most prudent government. Nationalism was the most powerful and successful political force of the 19th century which emerged from two main sources which were the Romantic Exaltation of ‘feel’ & ‘Identity’ and the libera l requirement that a legitimate state be based on ‘people’ instead of a dynasty e.g. God or imperial supremacy. Both these movements were middle class movements. (â€Å"What is nationalism?†). The pros of nationalism are many. One of the main factors of nationalism is that it sets a sense of unity among the groups of nation no matter with which country it belongs to. It gives a feeling of belonging as people tend to work for the betterment of the state which lets people come together with common interests and achieve their ultimate goals. Nationalism also serves to unite a group of people, enabling them to make economic, political, and social progress. Unluckily however, nationalism has many cons too. It can often cause divergence between various nations, leading to war. When nationalism leads nations towards aggressiveness and certitude it leads nations towards destruction. The cons also include risking isolation from other groups of people who do not share the same land, and not profiting from their capability and goodwill. Over the past 10 years, a new nationalist movement has come into sight and gained huge strength in United States of America. It’s the new ‘white nationalist’ movement which brought the potential to disturb the already frail race relations. Shunning violence, this movement seeks to expand its influence primarily through the persuasion & argument embattled at the white Americans aggrieved over racial double standards, high black-on-white crime rates, and race based affirmative action policies. The new white American nationalism movement has been energized by advocacy of multiculturalism as well. Some of the many names of the white nationalists that we know about today are Don Black, David Duke, Paul Fromm, Norman Lowell, Robert Jay Mathews, Revilo P. Oliver and William Luther Pierce. Due to the emphasis on the group self determination; multiculturism has brought white nationalists with justification f or advocating a corresponding form of white camaraderie. The members of white nationalism are different from the other nationalism groups and are cultured, intelligent and usually hold impressive academic degrees from America’s premier colleges and universities. This new breed of white racial advocate is a far cry from the populist politicians and hooded Klansmen of the Old South who fought the losing combats for separation and white superiority. History has seen many countries suffering from the effects of nationalism; it has brought

Problem of Induction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Problem of Induction - Essay Example Human beings may however think of this, as having been caused by previous deeds and in most cases, man cannot overpower the situation. In accepting the happenings around us, it reduces the cost of imagination. Hume describes that when a body is restricted to one planet only having troubles and difficulties, the mind usually links these troubles to other planets that may not even be in existence (Hume 14). I agree because the past events do not affect the future of an individual who has an open mind set to rise above and beyond his or her limitations by learning from the past mistakes to avoid the same mistakes or to improve his or her quality of life. Ideas and thoughts will always depend on the previous attitude and feeling. There are those ideas, which can prove to be stand alone, but in the real sense closely evaluated will indicate that they too are born from the feelings before conception. However similar it may be for sounds entering the ear and colors seen by the eye are norma lly different in comparison. Considering this, the ideas arising from different shades are expected also to be different in nature (Hume 16). Impressions do not always give rise to ideas, however simple they may prove to be. The nature and reality of ideas has contradictions behind it. Bringing these ideas into clear vision and shading some light on them, however, can do away with this. Hume states that in the imagination of man, there is nothing that is freer. It however has power, which is unlimited to separating, mixing, dividing and compounding ideas, though it cannot go beyond the external and internal senses equipping the original ideas, and this implies to all the existing diversities of vision and fiction (Hume 34). In the world, there is nothing considered as chance. Opinion, belief and understanding are much influenced by our ignorance. Hume also states that â€Å"there is certainly a probability, that emanate as a result of superiority chances on any side; and accordingl y, as this superiority rises and surpassesing the opposite chances, the probability get the same increment, and begets still a higher degree or belief or assent to that side, in which we discover the superiority† (Hume 40). Disputes on philosophy are the main blame among the methods of reasoning, to make an effort of disapproving any hypothesis, to the hazardous effects of morality and religion by pretence (Hume 67). Usually opinions made are not false, but the same opinions implemented can lead to dangerous consequences. Though the consequences of action performed casually and ignorantly by men may be questionable, men are not blamed for actions of that nature. These actions however come to an end in them alone, because they are not momentary principled. On the other hand actions performed in a hasty nature may not meet the requirements and can be faulty; men are also not blamed for them. Character in this case is also affected by hasty temper (Hume 68). Liberty however, is i mportant to morality and no moral qualities are caused by liberty. Analogy forms the basis of all the reasoning concerned with matters of facts. This makes people believe that an event leading to some consequences will always be the reason for such consequences even in future. However, the analogy is perfect where the causes prove the same and the deduction made out of it can

Post Harvest Management of Fruits

Post Harvest Management of Fruits India, a place of variations of different agroclimatic regions, rich in diversified horticultural flora. India being the largest producer of fruits and second largest producer of vegetables. But unfortunately the average Indian remains aloof from the basic requirements of fruits and vegetables. As a result of which there is a huge gap between gross production and net availability. All these is because of the inefficient post harvest management ,a significant portion of production is lost after harvest. Post harvest losses accounts to approximately 25 – 30 % of production. Just to feed the bursting population of india, maximising alone the production and productivity will not be enough. Efficient post harvest handling and processing is mere essential to make available more food (fruits) to the mankind. Post harvest losses of fruits: Post harvest losses of fruits can be defined as a loss in quantity or quality or both that occurs after harvest and till the produce reaches to the consumers. There may be physical loss, physiological loss or biological losses. Physical loss: it occurs due to injury in fruits at the time of harvesting,handling and transportation. Physiological loss: it occurs due to physiological processes of respiration and transpiration. Transpirational loss of moisture results in shriveled appearance of the commodities. Biological losses: it occurs due to macrobiological and microbiological agents like bacteria, fungi ,yeast etc. Post harvest management practices: Sorting or grading: Sorting is done in order to discard rotten, damaged, diseased, misshaped and overriped fruits before spreading infection to other healthy commodities. Grading is a form of grouping the fruits according to the firmness, cleanliness, size, weight, colour, shape and maturity. Washing: The produce is cleaned or washed in order to remove the dirt, dust ,insects, moulds .exception – onion, garlic, okra, mushroom are not washed. For surface decontamination , Chlorinated water(100 ppm) is effective.after this,the fruits are again washed with clean water. Curing: Curing is a means of natural wound healing process. It is a process of forming a corky layer against water loss and infection. Waxing: It is a process of application of waxy layer on the skin of the fruits to reduce moisture loss, shrievelling and to extend the storage life. Paraffin wax, carnauba wax and various resins are common types of waxes used. Waxol is a common coating material. Pre-cooling: The process of removal of heat from the just harvested fruits particularly during hot weather is called pre cooling. It helps in decreasing the transpiration rate, respiration rate,ripening providing an ease to transport and storage. The methods are room cooling, forced air cooling, hydro cooling, vacuum cooling etc. Hot water treatment: It is a process of eradicating or killing the infectious organism on several fruits. For inactivation of infection by Phytopthora sp. In tomato and oranges , Colletotrichum in papaya, mango and crown rot in banana , dip in hot water at 50+- 2degree C for 1-2 minutes. Hot water treatment of mango results in uniform ripening. Vapour heat treatment: It is termed as an ecofriendly treatment mostly applicable for fruit flies mostly mango. It is initially expensive and cannot be used much by small and marginal farmers. Total treatment time for mangoes is approximately 195 minutes. Regulation of ripening: Ripening of fruits like mango, banana can be regulated or is carried out in special treatment rooms with controlled temperatures with low application of ethylene. Release of ethylene occurs where fruits along with etherel alkaline solution is placed in a closed chamber. Ripening process is delayed and extension of shelf life is done by removing ethylene from storage atmosphere using ethylene absorbent. Packaging: Packaging is a process to assemble the produce into convenient units of handling and to protect the produce during distribution , storage and marketting. It is a means of prolonging the storage life. For packaging cushioning materials should be used.(paper shreds, paddy straw, thermocole). Packaging of fresh produce is done with bamboo baskets, sacks, wooden or plastic crates etc. corrugated fibre board(CFB)cartons being polar now a days for transport of fruits as they are of lighter weight and cheaper cost. Aseptic packaging, modified atmospheric packaging and controlled packaging are some new innovations of packaging. Transportation: It is a phase of movement of fruits from one place to another, performed by, means of rail,truck,airplane and ship.effective transportation doesnot help if there is no proper handling.in many developed countries pallets are used for trading of horticultural produce. Marketting: Fruits have a high degree of perishability so marketting problems are more in fruits. NHB(National horticultural board) provides good market intelligence service for horticultural products.NDDB, HOPCOM are few of marketting organizations for benefit of growers and consumers. Storage The process of maintaining life processes of fruits upto a required level till it reaches the consumers avoiding market glut is called storage. Methods: Refrigerated storage – storage of perishable commodities at the lowest temperature without any chilling injury is refrigerated storage.it strongly retards moisture loss and spoilage by microorganisms. Controlled or modified storage- it is a process of adjusting the atmospheric composition of air surrounding the fruits different from that of normal air. it involves reduction in O2 and elevation of CO2 concentrations. Hypobaric storage- it is a form of storage in which the produce is stored in partial vacuum.it is maintained to the desired low pressure by vacuum pump. It is limited to high value crops. Zero energy cool chamber- this zero energy cool chamber works on the principle of evaporative cooling using locally available materials like brick, sand and bamboo.as compared to surrounding atmosphere the temperature in the chamber is less. Conclusion : Post harvest loss is even more serious than that of production loss. It is impossible to deny from complete protection of post harvest losses but it can be minimized to some extent by following some of the modern cultural,harvesting,handling,marketting and processing techniques. Thus it must be kept in mind that operationalization of improved post harvest technologies must be intensively developed in our country through technology refinement, industrial liasion so that we don’t face any productive losses and people can acquire nutrients from fruits to the most , as per requirements. References.: Name of the books 1. Post harvest management of horticultural crops. Edited by M.A. MIR, G.M. BEIGH, HAFIZA AHSAN QUAZI NISSAR AHMAD, H.R.NAIK,A.H. RATHER. 2. Basics of horticulture. Editor – K.V Peter. Chapter no. 11. Post harvest management of fruits and vegetables, page no 497-506. Champ ,b.r ,highley ,E and Johnson ,G.I 1993. Post harvest handling of tropical fruits .proceedings of International conference held at Chiang mai,Thailand 19-13 july 1993. Mitra ,S.K .1997. postharvest physiology and storage of tropical and subtropical fruits CAB international new york. Salunkhe, D.K and Desai ,B.B 1984 post harvest biotechnology of fruits. Vol1 2 .CRC press, florida. Rao , S.D .V 2004 pre storage treatment for minimisation of post harvest losses in fruits . training manual on minimisation of post harvest losses in fruits organised by IIHR, bangalore.

Boundaries in Marlowe’s Dr. Faustus, Shelley’s Frankenstein, and Havel’s Temptation :: Comparison Compare Contrast Essays

Boundaries in Marlowe’s Dr. Faustus, Shelley’s Frankenstein, and Havel’s Temptation With every trip around the sun, the human race continues to push forward. Frontiers begin to fade, the horizon becomes less of a mystery and more of a pastime and the greatest challenge seems to be finding areas where advancements can still be made. Since we have become so good at extending boundaries, the question of whether or not an un-crossable boundary even exists becomes especially relevant. Indeed it is easy to think that there may be nothing that humans are incapable of achieving. For centuries, however, literature has been very imaginative while still holding on to the notion that at some point, crossing boundaries results in trouble. It might be said that in works of this type a distinction is made between pushing limitations and overstepping boundaries. In such literary works as Christopher Marlowe’s Dr. Faustus, Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein, and Vaclav Havel’s Temptation, the main characters push boundaries farther than they have been pushed befo re inevitably causing negative consequences for the characters and the people that surround them. The work entitled Dr. Faustus centers around the character thus named who aims solely to lift every limitation and exceed every boundary he encounters. From the very opening of the play after the chorus in the first scene, Dr. Faustus explains his dissatisfaction with the boundaries he has already met: Is not thy common talk found aphorisms? Are not thy bills hung up as monuments, Whereby whole cities have escaped the plague, And thousand desperate maladies been eased? Yet art thou still but Faustus, and a man. Couldst thou make men to live eternally, Or, being dead, raise them to life again, Then this profession were to be esteemed. (19 – 26) This excerpt reveals that Faustus, although he has had much success and is widely recognized for it, yearns for further discovery, a limitless experience, a power that physically is beyond him. Later in the same scene, he clearly states his solution to this quandary, â€Å"A Sound magician is a mighty god. Here Faustus, try thy brains to gain a deity† (63 – 64). In order to achieve this for even a limited time however, he must exceed natural human boundaries. In his search for a means to do so, he forms a new boundary, namely the loss of control over his soul, in scene 5 through a contract with Lucifer.

Antony and Cleopatra’s relationship Essay

Examine the Strengths and Weaknesses of Antony and Cleopatra’s relationship and the significance love has on important events in the play. Antony and Cleopatra’s strengths in love fluctuate tremendously. Their behaviours toward each other create a chain reaction in the formation of events within the play. It is for these reasons, which determine the direction of the narrative. Antony behaviour is demonstrative of extreme strengths in his love toward Cleopatra, as he is prepared to neglect all his duties in Rome to stay in Egypt with her. His duties in Rome are very important to stabilise the triumvirate however, he still finds love more important. We see this when a messenger comes to call Antony back to Rome, his reply is: â€Å"Let Rome in Tiber melt, and the wide arch / of the ranged empire fall! Here is my space†(I. 1. 33)1 This shows his devotion to their love and shows the audience he has a sense of loves value. Antony uses hyperbole in his reply as he suggests that the river that flows through Rome will disappear or crumble and the bridge will collapse, before he will return, ‘wide arch’ also accentuates the strength of the bridge, this may show that Rome’s might is so strong it does not need Antony. This use of language emphasizes how unlikely it is that Antony will leave Cleopatra. It shows he is prepared to see Rome, in a sense, be demolished and he will still not care for his duties. We see here that Antony believes love to be a much nobler calling, than his obligations in Rome. While the lovers are in a love-debate we see that it is Cleopatra who is setting the rate of knots by her sarcasm and taunts when she says: â€Å"you must not stay here longer. Your dismission/ Is come from Caesar. Therefore hear it, Antony. â€Å"(I. 1. 26/7)2 leads Antony to neglect his life in Rome to prove his affection for her. It is obvious to us, as it was to Cleopatra and Antony, if he went back to Rome he would be proving her words right therefore had no choice but to stay with her, if he wanted to prove his love. We know that Cleopatra wants nothing of the sort for Antony to leave but the more she presses upon Antony, the less he feels the need to full fill his duties in Rome. Cleopatra used reverse psychology to keep a grip on their love. Antony also expresses his great love for Cleopatra through his speech â€Å"such a mutual pair / And such a twain can do’t, in which I bind, / On pain of punishment, the world to weet / We stand up peerless. â€Å"(I. 1. 37/40) Antony is expressing all that matters is the two of them, in-love, that the moral judgement of other people does not matter and they have the whole world in their hands, therefore Rome considered a loss. Cleopatra too shows tremendous strengths in love as she shows true signs of missing Antony while he is away. â€Å"O happy horse, to bear the weight of Antony! â€Å"(I. 5. 21)4 from this Cleopatra is showing the magnitude and importance of Antony’s splendour. Cleopatra describes here that the horse should be flattered to be supporting such a wonderful man, although this is slightly humorous, as the horse would not feel any honour, we still sense the extreme fidelity Cleopatra has toward Antony. means nothing in comparison to them. We can see here how important Cleopatra is to him and just how much he is willing to give up for her. However it is not only that he is giving up his life for her but that he really truly believes she is more important, therefore the phrase ‘giving up’ does not mean anything to him as he believes Rome is not important enough to be Cleopatra’s behaviour is effusive by showing how much she misses him as she talks about him constantly. â€Å"Where think’st thou he is now? Stands he, or sits he? / or does he walk? â€Å"(I. 5. 19/20)5 We see here Cleopatra is continuously thinking of Antony. We imagine her to be entranced by her love for him, as she is asking questions when she does not require an answer. This gives us the image of her staring into amidst, thinking of all the different things Antony is doing. By going through his different positions ‘stands’ or ‘sits’ or ‘walks’ we see she is thinking about him in great detail and longs for him to be with her. All of this love and devotion led to Lepidus and Caesar resenting the time the once noble Antony spent in Egypt, and despised his neglect of duty. Antony’s alliance with the two leaders had been weakened due to love. When faced with opposition from Caesar, Cleopatra’s enticing behaviour comes into play again. And we see Antony’s blindness play himself into a destroying event. Once the suggestion comes about that they will fight Antony at sea, Antony’s reason for doing so is â€Å"For that he dares us to’t. â€Å"(III. 7. 29)6 This lacks a great deal of strategy and shows his childlike features to stand strong against a dare. As we hear from Enobarbus: â€Å"you therein throw away / The absolute soldiership you have by land,†(III. 7. 41/2)7 from this Enobarbus is suggesting Antony has greater chance winning battle on land, as there is where his skills lye. It therefore seems completely illogical to fight by sea. The reader believes this because we know that Enobarbus is not fooled by love, therefore we have more reason to trust his judgement. This shows how Shakespeare uses love to move the readers trust to different characters. This raises the suspicion that perhaps Antony is showing off, as such, to Cleopatra. He may not want to back down to a dare from fear of losing bravery. Again love influences Antony’s decisions, carrying him into jeopardy. We could accept Antony showing off to Cleopatra however it seems strange that Cleopatra supports Antony fighting at sea: â€Å"By sea; what else? â€Å"(III. 7. 28)8 Cleopatra is testing Antony on his love for her yet again. Cleopatra knows it is best for Antony to fight on land but is determined to make him do what she wants and not the wisest thing. Cleopatra is toying with Antony as she did in the first scene. She is enjoying her power over Antony and increasing her ego tremendously. Ultimately Antony is saying he would die for her. Antony refers to Cleopatra at the end of this deciding scene as a: â€Å"Thetis! â€Å"(III. 7. 60)9, this is a goddess of the sea. We see here that Antony has full faith and trust in Cleopatra and her ships. Up until act III scene 10 Cleopatra is seen as a very strong and brave character. The reader is aware she is slightly conniving and manipulative however this adds to her charm of character. When Enobarbus says: â€Å"With all their sixty, fly and turn the rudder. â€Å"(III. 10. 3/4)10 Our opinion of Cleopatra drops a enormously. We know it was her influence which put Antony in battle at sea. Cleopatra knew this too, so the least she could have done was see him through it. Her cowardice creates great anger toward her, not only from Antony and the soldiers but from the reader, again Shakespeare is giving a personal interaction by building our secret desire for Cleopatra to highs and then dropping her grandeur with no warning. Scarus shows the most realistic and unpretentious view of the situation by suggesting: â€Å"we have kissed away / Kingdoms†(III. 10. 7/8)11 the use of metaphor here creates humorous imagery. Love lead to the reprehensible loss of the empire. Just as Antony kisses Cleopatra, he kissed away his victory. It gives enigmas to the reader as the battle was evenly balanced or could be argued in Antony’s favour and yet Cleopatra fled for no evident reason. This completely defies the laws of love and shows Cleopatra as a paradox in contrast to Act I scene 5. Her actions were not at all those of loyalty and devotion like Antony’s in Act I scene1and it shows the complete imbalance of love. The audience now dislike Cleopatra and see her as an iniquity in ‘Antony and Cleopatra’. Also this scene confronts the title ‘Antony and Cleopatra’ as this scene is Antony on his own without Cleopatra by his side. Again we see love from Antony toward Cleopatra. Although it was foolish that he was ‘Leaving the fight in height’ ‘and ‘flies after her'(III. 10. 20)12 we still se he’s ultimate devotion to Cleopatra. ‘height’ shows how the battle was at important levels, where either side could win, it seems apparent that the battle was not lost due to, the strength of the enemy, the weakness of Antony’s army neither bad luck but simply the ‘very ignorance'(III. 10. 7) of Antony and Cleopatra. Cleopatra’s actions were like ‘a cow in june stung by a gadfly'(III. 10. 14)14 as the speed of her turn and flight was dreadfully hasty. Antony sacrificed everything for love, his honour, power and the support of his men. Although this angered Antony the queen won him over with her inveigling skills. The third time Antony went to battle at sea, Cleopatra fled yet again. Bibliography Primary Text – Shakespeare William, Antony and Cleopatra, Emrys Jones (ed. ), London, 1977 1 William Shakespeare, Antony and Cleopatra, Emrys Jones (ed. ), London, 1977, page 60.

Obesity And Urban Food

Individual characteristics and IBM data were adjusted to two – kilometer Addis food retail stores, with each supermarket reducing obesity odds, and convenience stores predicting higher obesity Odds for each respondent. Obesity rates in New Orleans are among the highest in the country and virtually no research has been conducted to study the associations between obesity and neighboring food retailers in the urban environment. This article appealed to me because a well balanced diet via healthier food retail access is pivotal to promote health in vulnerable groups within communities limited to unhealthy food options.Previous studies on Northeastern communities, mound mostly positive correlations between the presence of convenient stores and increased rates of obesity. Apropos, a correlation was found between supermarket access and reduced obesity rates. Other research has found neither correlation between these variables. Limited, frequent non- consistent research findings, have examined the relationship between food access and body weight in disproportionate fashion amongst the United States. In comparison, fewer studies were conducted in the urban South, which tend to have some the highest obesity rates in the country.New Orleans has high obesity prevalence, which is why some of its Leslie Mar, SCAN 195. 7731, 01. 1415 communities were a choice of study. Other conditions, such as the lack of a household car, make the city an appropriate setting for this study. This study hypothesizes, â€Å"†¦ That greater supermarket access would be associated with a lower odds for obesity while greater convenience store and fast food access would be associated with higher obesity odds Since supermarkets offer a wider selection of affordable healthy food, and fast food establishments offer inexpensive energy-dense foods, these associations were predicted accordingly.METHODS Participants A 2004-2005 survey from the New Orleans Behavior Risk Factor Surveillance Syst em (BARFS), was the local version of the national telephone survey coordinated by the IIS Centers Of Disease Control and Prevention. Participants were enrolled via a random digital dial method: a single random individual aged 18 or older. The final analytic sample, after various exclusions, consisted of 3,925 subjects with reported IBM information, physical activity levels, household income information, collected demographic data, and 167 census tracts in New Orleans.The majority of participants were female (66%), 35. 5% White (n=l ,394), 58% African American 3. % Latino (n=11 6), and 3. 6% Other (n=141). 40% (n=l ,585) of respondents lived at or below the poverty line. 16% (n=628) were ages 18-30 years, and 47. 4% were above 50 years. A majority of 38% attained college graduate or higher education. Measures Food stores and fast food restaurant sites open between 2004-2005 were provided by the Louisiana Office of Public Health food retailer database.They were categorized as either f ull time or part time based on percentage on food item sales (60% cutoff) and total annual sales. They fall into five categories: small food Stores, medium food Stores, supermarkets, convenience stores, ND general merchandise stores. Fast food restaurants were categorized as regional, national, or local chain. A 2 – km buffer around a center point of each respondent census tract, measured using Arctic 9. 2 (SERIES, Redheads, CA), was used to define their neighborhood food environment, because multiple forms of transport are commonplace in New Orleans.Food store/ fast food geographic access was formed by summing the number of each food retailers in each category within the 2-km radius. For IBM measurements, individuals reported their heights and weights with 30 keg/mm as the cutoff between obese and non obese. There were independent variables to account for the results: race/ethnicity, a Poverty index ratio was calculated based on a comparison between household income with the Census Bureau's poverty threshold for a household size. They were divided into three categories of less than 1. 00 (below poverty line), 1. 0-185, and greater than 1. 85. 15. 4% of respondents refused to provide this information, so their poverty index was adjusted using a â€Å"hot deck' imputation technique based on race/ethnicity and education level (less than high school, high school graduate, some college, college graduate). Moderate and vigorous activities were used as the physical activity indicators, and Leslie Mar, SCAN 195. 7731, 01. 14. 15 television viewing (2 hours or more classified as high) was calculated as well. For multivariate analyses, Hierarchical Linear Modeling (HELM), with the extolling procedure in Stats/SE 9. (Staccatos, College Station, TX) was used to simultaneously assess the influence of group-level and individual-level predictors on dependent variables. A series of models to produce a regression equation for each food retailer type access measure was created. RESULTS Within the 2-km of respondents' census tract centers, there was an average of . 49 supermarkets. There were no supermarkets among 26% of the respondents within this buffer, and households had more food retail and convenience stores than supermarkets; with fast food restaurants at a higher average than supermarkets.Of the sample, the overall prevalence of obesity was 26. 5% with highest ranking at 35. 1% (African Americans), females at 29. 2%, older respondents at 29. 9%, and individuals with poorer household incomes and less education. With a high average of small food stores (25. 18%), convenience stores (1 1 . 28%), and fast food restaurants (9. 7%), there as a relationship between obesity odds and food retailer count. There was no significant association between small, medium, and general merchandise store access.

Heart Of Darkness Essays - Fiction, Literature, Congo Free State

Heart Of Darkness Essays - Fiction, Literature, Congo Free State Heart Of Darkness The contrast between Kurtz's intended and black mistress The Heart of Darkness is a story about a man telling a tale of an adventure that he had on the Congo River. During this adventure he meets a guy named Kurtz. Kurtz was congregating with a tribe of people who worshiped him and did what ever he told them to do. Kurtz was a very special person in the way he influenced the feelings of two very different, but somewhat similar women. Among this tribe of savages was a woman that was said to have been Kurtz's mistress. Back home he had a woman who he was supposed to marry. Kurtz's black mistress and intended were two very different people, from different places, who shared the same devotion towards him even though there were many obstacles in the way of their love. Kurtz's intended was from the city and was well off with money. Kurtz's black mistress was in a tribe of savages in Africa. She to was well off in her possessions. You could tell she was well off or important in the things she wore and the way that Marlow described the way she carried herself and the way the other members of the tribe watched what ever she did. In the city the intended's family labeled Kurtz as being not good enough. Marlow says that it was because, he was not rich enough or something. (p.249) This is ironic because his black mistress' tribe or family treats him like a god. Both women felt the same undying devotion to Kurtz. When Kurtz was being taken away by Marlow on his ship the tribe came running and hollering trying to get him back. The woman even entered the water with her arms stretched towards the boat. Marlow blew the whistle to scare away the tribe. This worked and even made the ones closest to the shore fall down flat on their face as if they were dead. The whistle did nothing to the woman and she remained in the water with her arms out. The whistle did not scare the woman like it did the rest of the tribe because she was devoted to Kurtz and wanted to be with him. Kurtz intended shared the same devotion towards him as the black tribal woman did. Marlow went to see her, a year after the death of Kurtz, and she was still in mourning. The woman accepted Marlow into her home because he was a friend of Kurtz. She was glad he had visited, so she would have someone to talk to about him. She talked of how she loved him and of how he needed her. They talked of when he died and she got upset. She said, And I was not with him.(p.251) She said she would have treasured everything he did and said. Marlow tells her that he was with him till the end and that he heard his last words. She wanted to know what they were and said, Repeat themI want-I want-something-something-to-to live with.(p.251) She says this so Marlow will tell her his last words. He tells her that his last words were her name. This makes her feel good and at the same time makes her weep in her hands. Kurtz played an important role in the lives of both women and had a tremendous impact on the way they loved him. Both women were very different and at the same time very similar in the way they loved Kurtz. Both went through very tramadic experiences to show their undying love for him.

Janis essays

Janis essays One of the most colorful music legends of the 1960s was Janis Joplin. Blues legend Janis Lyn Joplin was born on January 19th 1943, the eldest child of parents Seth and Dorothy Joplin. Janis was born and raised in the small Southern petroleum industry town of Port Arthur, Texas. Her father was a canning factory worker, her mother a registrar at a local business college. Her non-aberrational upbringing coupled with the atmosphere of Port Arthur at the time; generally restrictive, intolerant, and unnurturing must've made even Janis' early childhood difficult. By all accounts, however, Janis seems to have been a "normal" and happy child, who fitted society's usual definition of "pretty". It was in Janis' adolescence that the hang-ups and hassles that were to affect the path of the rest of her life. In a sense, her rigid upbringing played a large part in making Janis who she was. This would never have been admitted at the time, but, predictably, the "Port Arthur" ethic created a fire insi de Janis and kept it burning until her death. Janis' troubles began, when she was a teenager with her "good looks" gradually began to disintegrate, her soft blonde hair turned into an unruly brown mane. She also developed severe acne, which would scar her mentally as well as physically. Hence, Janis became something of a loner, as was named the ugly girl. She soon began avoiding mirrors, and her anxiety about her looks was made worse by the constant taunts by peers, who rejected her and often made fun of her. When Janis found that society had rejected her, she rejected it. Janis grew up on classical music and country music back in Texas, discovered the blues in Louisiana. Janis was soon inspired to both learn and appreciate music, and its roots were her idols included Odettea, Leadbelly and Bessie Smith, who would have great influence on her subsequent musical career, especially her vocal style. By the time Janis graduated from Thomas Jefferson High...

How to Study for Biology Exams

How to Study for Biology Exams Exams can seem intimidating and overwhelming for biology students. The key to overcoming these obstacles is preparation. By learning how to study for biology exams you can conquer your fears. Remember, the purpose of an exam is for you to demonstrate that you understand the concepts and information that have been taught. Below are some excellent tips to help you learn how to study for biology exams. Get Organized   An important key to success in biology is organization. Good time management skills will help you to become more organized and waste less time preparing to study. Items such as daily planners and semester calendars will help you to know what you need to do and when you need to have it done. Start Studying Early It is very important that you start preparing for biology exams well in advance. I know, I know, it is almost ​tradition for some to wait until the last minute, but students who implore this tactic dont perform their best, dont retain the information and get worn out. Review the Textbook and Lecture Notes   Be sure that you review your lecture notes before the exam. You should start reviewing your notes on a daily basis. This will ensure that you gradually learn the information over time and dont have to cram. Your biology textbook is a wonderful source for finding illustrations and diagrams that will help you visualize the concepts you are learning. Be sure to reread and review the appropriate chapters and information in your textbook. You will want to make sure that you understand all the key concepts and topics. Get Answers To Your Questions If you are having difficulty understanding a topic or have unanswered questions, discuss them with your teacher. You dont want to go into an exam with gaps in your knowledge. Get together with a friend or classmate and have a study session. Take turns asking and answering questions. Write your answers down in complete sentences to help you organize and express your thoughts. If your teacher holds a review session, be sure to attend. This will help to identify specific topics that will be covered, as well as fill in any gaps in knowledge. Help sessions are also an ideal place to get answers to your questions. Quiz Yourself   To help prepare yourself for the exam and find out how much you know, give yourself a quiz. You can do this by using prepared flash cards or taking a sample test. You can also use online biology games and quiz resources.  If your teacher holds a review session, be sure to attend. This will help to identify specific topics that will be covered, as well as fill in any gaps in knowledge. Help sessions are also an ideal place to get answers to your questions. Relax   Now that you have followed the previous steps, its time to rest and relax. You should be well prepared for your biology exam. Its a good idea to make sure you get plenty of sleep the night before your exam. You have nothing to worry about because you are well prepared. Take An AP Biology Course   Those who wish to gain credit for introductory college level biology courses should consider taking an Advanced Placement Biology course. Students enrolled in the AP Biology course must take the AP Biology exam to gain credit. Most colleges will give credit for entry-level biology courses for students who earn a score of 3 or better on the exam. Use Good Study Aids   Biology flash cards are excellent tools for studying and memorizing key biology terms and information. AP Biology Flash Cards are a wonderful resource, not only for those taking AP Biology but also for biology students in general. If taking the AP Biology exam, these Top Five AP Biology Books contain extremely useful information that is sure to help you score high on the AP Biology exam.

Cloud Computing Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Cloud Computing - Term Paper Example The potential vulnerabilities pre-set threats such as hacking and intrusion by malicious outsider and insider which in the case of the department of treasure and Defence have be recently evidenced by constant hacking and access of data. The possible impacts range from low medium to high which implies minimal damage and inconvenience toe to extreme injury to person and debilitations of the country’s economic military and health infrastructures which could have devastating consequences. The paper then recommend more rigorous encryption policies as well as better rating of staff and localization of cloud storage to limit physical access especially from abroad. There are various designations for information security in the United States under which different Assets of value in document and media content are filed so as to differentiate them based on the level of security relate information they contain. One common designation is the Sensitive But unclassified (SBU), this is a broad category that compromises of information with sub designations such as For official use only (FOUO) or Law enforcement Sensitive as and homeland security data among: In addition the SBU also covers IRS inflation such as enforcement procedures, individual Tax records others (U.S. Department Of Energy, 2007). Sensitive security information is a category of SBU information and it covers data gathered during security operation that specified government agencies believe should be kept secret since its revelation would result in possible communication and transportation crisis or even security. Another designation is the Controlled Unclassified information, which was proposed after 9/11 when the then president Bush decided that the state was keeping too much information a secret although it had been acquired through taxpayer money (Bush, 2001). The Classification was meant to replace SBU, FOUO and LES and serve as a means through which to

International Assignments Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

International Assignments - Research Paper Example The specific issues covered in the study include expatriates, pre-departure training components, expatriates performance appraisal, selection and recruitment strategies for expatriates, staffing alternatives, importance of offering high-quality mentoring for expatriates and how to measure return on investment for international assignments. Pre-departure training is very crucial for workers who have been assigned an international mission to represent their companies (Harzing & Pinnington, 2010). The training equips the assignees with company’s objectives and personal coping mechanisms in the host country in order to avoid pre-mature return of the expatriates. It enables the expatriates to relate between host country and home country and establish the mechanisms for overcoming challenges that may arise as a result of differences between the two countries (Stahl et al., 2012). The company’s workers will have to be sensitized about the cultural differences between the home country and host country (Stahl et al., 2012). Various nations have different cultures that may affect the expatriates relate with business partners and citizens in the host country. Inadequate understanding of the  background  of the people in the host country can make the lives of the expatriates extremely difficult and can result to conflict due to what may be seen as interference or disrespect of culture of the people in the host country by the expatriates (Stahl et al., 2012). Therefore, pre-departure training aims at orienting the expatriates with information regarding the cultural values of the host country in order to alleviate culture shock as the expatriates take up their new jobs. The amount of training offered will depend on the prior exposure of the expatriates to particular of the country they  expect to operate  (Harzing & Pinnington, 2010). This entails  briefing the expatriates

The Merchant of Venice Antonio's trial (Act 4) Essay

The Merchant of Venice Antonio's trial (Act 4) - Essay Example s a few impossible tasks like asking the tides not to rise, expecting the wolf to show pity to the ewe and not to devour the lamb, and to expect the firs not to make noise when the wind blows throw them, and then goes on to say that these are easily done as compared to expecting Shylock to be merciful. Shylock answers to the accusation by stating that he is no less merciless than the rest of the so called civilized men present there. He states how these people mistreat their slaves and how none of them would dream of treating them on equal footing with themselves. He then asks why it is that he is expected to forego his â€Å"pound of flesh† when they do not forfeit their slaves. Analyze the factores of argument used and identify these with those that both Shylock used & the lawyer (Portia) used. Consider the key factors as presented in your text book (Beyond feelings by Vicent Ryab Ruggiero 8th edition) - both the positive & negative forms of argument. The arguments that Antonio uses to state why it is useless to expect mercy from Shylock are negative. It is easy to see how he builds the premise to prove that Shylock is heard-hearted. The stated premise here is that impossible things can be achieved more easily than to get Shylock to change his heart. The Conclusion being that Shylock will not change his mind, for he is merciless. When Portia and Shylock argue later on, Portia first of all uses affirmative argument towards showing mercy, which Shylock simply denies by using the negative argument, which is that the law allows him to get the bond enforced, so there is no need for mercy. Portia uses affirmative arguments, whereas Antonio shows negative arguments towards a show of mercy. Portia states why Shylock should be merciful whereas Antonio avers how Shylock would not be merciful. Shylock’s own arguments remain the same, whether he is arguing with Portia or with Antonio. His premise is simple that as he is not required to show mercy under any law,

Delegation of Tasks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Delegation of Tasks - Essay Example This will not only decrease the workload on a particular individual, but also help develop decision-making abilities and a more responsible outlook, amongst one's team of subordinates. Delegating workloads is a prime authority that comes with position. When one delegates a particular task, one needs to keep in mind, the capacity of your subordinate who would be delegating the task assigned by you. Analysing whether or not he is capable of doing justice to the piece of work, will help avoid workload mismanagement. In addition to this, a clear line of communication must prevail, since your subordinates need to comprehend what exactly you expect out of them and how the particular task needs to be handled. A combination of capability and communication transforms delegation of work into an easy task. Here is an analysis on what could be the varied criteria, requisites and guidelines one has to keep in mind, before delegating tasks: It is but obvious that one needs to share control over the tasks delegated, with the subordinate assigned to perform the tasks. One may feel insecure about one's authority getting diluted or worried if the task delegated will be completed as perfectly as one would deal with it. In such cases, one needs to ensure that one spells out each and every step one would adopt, in completing the task, to one's subordinate. This way, they would utilise the same knowledge in future tasks. You can still retain your hold by supervising their work processes at regular stages. Catering Information: Delegation translates into meaning that one trusts one's subordinate to make effective usage of his decision-making abilities. It signifies that their decision- making abilities must be of a superior quality and therefore, access to information is the key here. Only factual, error-free and clear information can aid rightful decision-making. This information can be in the form of interpersonal exchanges, company information or even information obtained from the computer and the web. This way, communication is not hurdled and tasks are carried out with equal managerial expertise. Pragmatic Approach: As an employee occupying an authoritative position, one needs to realise that not all employees at varied levels have the same level of knowledge or for that matter, the technical know-how. You need to explain how exactly a particular procedure needs to be followed, along with the detailed explanation of the steps. This way, there will be no miscommunication or miscomprehension. Therefore, making allowance for those with lack of knowledge about your own specialisations or work processes is integral to raise the confidence levels of those involved with carrying out your delegations. Involvement: As the delegating authority, one tends to get too involved with the project you delegate and thus, appear readily

The use of vaginal examinations in assessing progress during the first Essay

The use of vaginal examinations in assessing progress during the first stage of labour - Essay Example During the first stage of labour, which begins with the onset of regular uterine contraction, it plays instrumental role in assessing the progress made in labour. It provides information about the cervical effacement and dilatation, descent , position and attitude of the fetus. But it may also give rise to certain problems like infections, premature stimulation of cervix, premature rupture of membranes and women find them uncomfortable. The approach used by midwives to vaginal exam further adds to the problems. While undertaking these exams, they become inconsiderate towards the feelings of the women and in their attempt to deliver a healthy baby ignore their professional ethics , which requires them to provide a supportive, encouraging atmosphere for birth, respectful of the woman’s wishes. Although midwives acquire enough skill through practice and experience to use external signs to gain knowledge about the progress, still they consider it the most accurate method. This study revolves around vaginal examination at the onset of labour. It attempts to find the reason behind the frequent use of these interventions to assess the progress during first stage, despite its problematic nature. This report explores the necessity and effectiveness of the vaginal exams in assessing the progress. It brings to notice the problems faced by the women from vaginal examination and from the methodology used by the midwives in conducting them. It considers the alternative techniques that can be used instead of vaginal examination. This study takes into consideration the results of various researches done on vaginal examination during the labour. Vaginal examination is a complete

Global scholars Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Global scholars - Essay Example The Global Scholars Programme As the world is becoming a global village it is very important to understand each other’s cultures and work together cherishing the power of diversity. Slippery Rock University (2013) Website states and I quote â€Å"Diversity is an educational, functional, and institutional resource that should be cultivated, enhanced, and leveraged for optimal learning†. The Global Scholars Programme is focused on linking the students of different cultures so that they can share experiences and explore new international opportunities that can help them in their future endeavors. Students enrolled under this Programme are given the opportunity to work with foreign students of partner institutes under the supervision of a staff member on social enterprise projects. This Programme offers the students an opportunity to meet business leaders in other areas to identify their future career development options. UK and Brazil Partnership To present our project, th e country we had to visit was Brazil. The whole idea of the project was to empower our targeted people and make them skilled so that they find themselves capable enough to gain employment during the Football World Cup 2014. Our target population mainly constitutes of marginalized community and Brazil Favelas was best to access these people. When we were in Brazil we met those people and shared ideas with them to understand their living conditions and take their opinion on this project. I had a variety of learning experiences and I gained several skills throughout my time in Brazil that are discussed in upcoming paragraphs. Skills Acquired through the Global Scholars Programme Global Scholars experience has polished my skills; although I am a confident person but most often I do not talk unnecessarily and take a passive role while in a team. However, with this experience I learnt that sometimes it is very important to be expressive and communicate ones opinions loudly. As a person, I do not take the role of a decision maker; I can well term myself as a ‘team worker’ who according to Belbin is a person who listens to others, care for other members and finds it more easy to implement decisions than taking decisions (Belbin’s Team Roles 2013). However, as I progressed I felt a positive change in myself; now I not only help others take their decisions but also, at times, assume the role of team leader where required. One of the most important skills I acquired during this project was time management. I can relate tis with our situation that how we realized the importance of being time conscious. One we were in Brazil, we had the specs of the project, we had the plans and we have visited different places that gave us insights into the issues we need to tackle to make our project viable; however, we hardly had anything structured. It was then we realized the importance of giving structure and shape to our ideas within the specified timeline. From this experience, I acknowledged how stress is reduced (Emmett 2009) and self-esteem is improved (Frings 2004) through time management. Another important area where I

The use of vaginal examinations in assessing progress during the first Essay

The use of vaginal examinations in assessing progress during the first stage of labour - Essay Example During the first stage of labour, which begins with the onset of regular uterine contraction, it plays instrumental role in assessing the progress made in labour. It provides information about the cervical effacement and dilatation, descent , position and attitude of the fetus. But it may also give rise to certain problems like infections, premature stimulation of cervix, premature rupture of membranes and women find them uncomfortable. The approach used by midwives to vaginal exam further adds to the problems. While undertaking these exams, they become inconsiderate towards the feelings of the women and in their attempt to deliver a healthy baby ignore their professional ethics , which requires them to provide a supportive, encouraging atmosphere for birth, respectful of the woman’s wishes. Although midwives acquire enough skill through practice and experience to use external signs to gain knowledge about the progress, still they consider it the most accurate method. This study revolves around vaginal examination at the onset of labour. It attempts to find the reason behind the frequent use of these interventions to assess the progress during first stage, despite its problematic nature. This report explores the necessity and effectiveness of the vaginal exams in assessing the progress. It brings to notice the problems faced by the women from vaginal examination and from the methodology used by the midwives in conducting them. It considers the alternative techniques that can be used instead of vaginal examination. This study takes into consideration the results of various researches done on vaginal examination during the labour. Vaginal examination is a complete

Canadian Chocolate Bar Market Essay Example for Free

Canadian Chocolate Bar Market Essay •Increase in cost for manufacturing such as packaging or ingredients. Chocolate bars are thought of as impulse buys, which means they require no thought. This is due to how inexpensive they are. However, if an ingredient such as sugar was to rise drastically, so will the cost of the chocolate bar therefore changing the buyers perspective on the product class. Social, Demographic Trends: •Although chocolate bars are thought to have been more enjoyed by a younger consumer, crispy crunch has always focused towards older demographics. This is shown through their mature packaging commercials. Healthier Living: •Consumers are now watching what they eat, and want to avoid products that contain ingredients that have become deemed as fattening. Technology: •Internet advertising is at an all time high, and consumers are attracted to products that they can get more information on over the Internet. Also, buzz promotion can be created efficiently via Internet. Political: •French/English Packaging •In Canada it is illegal not to have both English and French writing on the packaging. Ingredients: •All ingredients must be labeled on the packaging. Market Analysis Total Canadian Size and growth: •From 1996 to 2000, the chocolate market enjoyed a total growth rate of 19.1% with retail sales in 2000 producing a whopping $13.7 billion. Competitive Analysis Market Trends: •Hershey Canada is one the largest competitors in the chocolate bar market. Hershey brands have a strong market value and a long history dating back to 1903. Hershey Canada owned three of the top five chocolate bars sold in 2000 to 2001. Hersheys three principle brands held fifteen percent of the Canadian market share. Hersheys brands, Reese Brand, and Hershey Milk Chocolate gained 0.9 percent market share in 2000-2001. Hershey brand Oh Henry lost 0.3 percent market share but still holds the number four spot in market share value. Hershey Canada has strong brand recognition, and loyalty. •Nestle Canadas three principle brands, Kit Kat, Coffee Crisp, and Smarties represented 13.4 percent of the Canadian market in 2000-2001. Nestle has a considerable market share and strong brand insistence however only one brand gained market value. Kit Kat, Nestle principal brand gained four points surpassing Cadburys Caramilk. Kit Kat now represents the second largest piece of the market at 5.4 percent. Coffee Crisp was stalemate at 4.2 percent of market share. Nestle Smarties lost 0.3 percent of market value now ranked ninth out of the top ten chocolate bars in the Canadian market, leaving only Effems Mars behind it. •Effem Foods has two brands ranked in the top ten chocolate bars in the Canadian market, Mars and MMs. Effems two principle brands represents 8.2 percent market share. Effems Mars and MMs both lost an accumulated 0.9 percent of market share in 2000-2001. Market Analysis: •Hershey Canada, Reese Brand, represented 6.3 percent of the Canadian chocolate bar market share in 2001. Reese brand targeted young children the ads have a youthful orientation and show kids having fun eating the bar(Crunch, Crispy Case). Reese Brand was creating strong brand insistence by penetrating younger consumers. Reese used point-of-purchase materials to attract the impulse consumer. Reese also employed the leadership positioning strategy; Reese showed their product as a preferred choice among children. Hershey Milk Chocolate and Oh Henry both have a strong brand loyalty due to their insistent customer base that had been developed over years. •Nestle Canada, was a leader in the Canadian Chocolate bar market due to strong market penetration and position on the market. Nestle Smarties used the image positioning strategy. Nestle used image positioning to differentiate Smarties from Effems MMs. Nestle claimed to have a larger assortment of colours. Smarties used humour appeal to attract customers to save the red Smarties until last. Kit Kat was Nestles leader in market share representing 5.4 percent. Kit Kats target market was early twenties to late thirties. Kit Kat applied the lifestyle position strategy on the market. Give me a break of that Kit Kat Bar this slogan was used by Nestle to imply that a Kit Kat bar would be the best chocolate bar to enjoy while on a break. •Effen Foods brands Mars, and MMs both had a large market share and strong Brand loyalty in 2000-2001. MMs used Head-on positioning to penetrate and differentiate themselves from the market. They melt in your mouth, not in your hand that slogan was a direct blow to Smarties. Effen is implying that the quality of their product is better than the competitors. Target Market Analysis Demographic profile: •Age: 15-24 Gender: males, females Education: High school, College, University Occupation: Part-time, or new career opportunity Household: either living with parents, or living with a spouse Geographic profile: •Urban location of customers, allowing the customers to more easily access the product. •Packaged in English and French writing. Psychographic profile: •Activities: Going out with friends, girlfriends. Playing sports, videogames, watching movies. •Interests: Doing well in school, finding job/career opportunities for future, having fun enjoying time with friends/family. •Opinions: Would like a clean, safe environment. Consumer behavior profile: •Personality: Ideal Self Consumers as they see how they would like to be. It is what they aspire to. •Attitudes: More liberal minded consumers, show more of a selective exposure. Product Analysis Sales Volume Trends: •Between 1989 and 1990, it jumped seven places to become the number one brand in the nation. •More recently however, the Crispy Crunch Brand has fallen off the top ten chocolate bar brands to 12th place. Market Share Trends: •Old established brands continue to lead the pack in popularity; brands like Kit Kat, Oh Henry, Coffee Crisp and Smarties all date back to the 1950s and 1960s. •Reese Brand holds 6.3% of the market share, up from a year ago Current Channels of Distribution: •All the leading brands are available in the same locations: •Convenience stores •Drug stores •Grocery outlets •Vending machines •Discount stores •Marketing Communications (Historic) •The success from the early 90s was attributed to an advertising campaign •Targeted a slightly older audience of older teenagers and young adults in their early twenties rather then youth under the age of 16. •The strategy worked very well and there were several ads in the campaign. S.W.O.T Analysis Brand Strengths: (Internal) •Crispy Crunch contains a combination of chocolate and peanut brittle that offers a unique taste to consumers that other chocolate bars do not offer. Also with the image of being to good to share Crispy Crunch still has the potential to make its mark into top 10 Canadian brands by pushing the product into more advertising to make consumers more aware of its presence in the market. Weaknesses: (Internal) •Although Crispy Crunch has had a successful campaign for a period of time, other brands that Cadbury have released like Caramilk have been a little more dominant in the market. It is possible that maybe Cadbury did not pay enough attention toward the Crispy Crunch campaign, which may result in the reason for its fall behind in the overall market. Opportunities: (External). •Cadbury can use many forms of advertising their product these days as long as the presentation is executed properly. For instance, the Crispy Crunch brand has been known to add sexual situations in order to promote their product towards 15-25 year old people. If the campaign goes about with the same image or chooses to take a diverse approach to the market to recreate the image of the brand, window is still open for opportunity which either choice. Threats: (External). •Cadbury must be able to create or revise a marketing mix that would keep a strong stand in the market against the big competition from Nestle and Hershey who both have very successful campaigns for their chocolate products. Positioning Statement. • A Crispy Crunch Bar contains the grouping of chocolate and peanut brittle that offers distinctive and delectable flavor. Eat your Crisply crunch bar before somebody eats it for you! the only thing that tastes better than my Crispy Crunch, is someone elses Crispy Crunch. Target Market Definition. •Males and females 15-24 years old, who are currently working and make time for going out with friends and family. They are infrequent users because they are health conscious and may be into another brand.

What Is Impression Management Children And Young People Essay

What Is Impression Management Children And Young People Essay In this chapter, we will be discussing about the historical background of impression management, followed by the definition and scope of impression management. There are different metaphors that used to describe people that use impression management tactics. According to Shakespeares As You Like It : All the world is a stage, and all the men and women merely players , he compares the the world to a stage and life to a play, literally means that our life is just a drama only. However, Shakespeare only interpreted it as a theatrical analogy but not a sociology theory. The term was first adapted into sociology from the theatre by  Erving Goffman, who developed most of the related terminology and ideas in his 1959 book,  The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life.   Thus, the theatrical analogy was being transformed into dramaturgy, a method of analyzing social interaction as if the participants were performing on a stage. Dramaturgy  is a  sociological  perspective starting from  symbolic interactionism , and commonly used in microsociological  accounts of social interaction in everyday life. Erving Goffman (1922-1982), arguably the most original American theorist of the second half of the 20th century, the metaphor of life as theater is rich in meaning. He saw all human interaction as, in some ways, very much like a grand play. He was not, however, as concerned with sweeping generalizations about the human condition as he is much more concerned with the particulars of daily life-the micro-level interactions between individuals that, when taken together, constitute the human experience. At this micro level, he argues, the world is much more like a stage than we commonly realize. Goffman stated that it is impossible to discuss peoples selves abstracted from their social situations. He writes, This self itself does not derive from its possessor, but from the whole scene of his action. . . this self is a product of a scene that comes off, and not a cause of it. The self, then, as a performed character, is not an organic thing that has specific location. . . [the individual and his body] merely provide the peg on which something of collaborative manufacture will be hung for a time. And the means for producing and maintaining selves do not reside inside the peg. (Goffman, 1959, pp. 252-253) Thus, the fundamental unit of social analysis is not the individual but rather as the team ,which is responsible for the creation of perceptions of reality in social set-tings. A peoples action is always depending upon the situation and the people, yet we could not really observe or even find out the deeper heart of a person. While Goffman (1959) applied dramaturgy as a tool for smooth interactions, the theory then changes into a more application forms. Some social psychologists like Edward Jones labeled dramaturgy as serving more specific purposes for impression management. Impression management is rather a applied sociology theory that emphasis on the strategic such as gaining power and influencing others. During the 1970s, the impression management perspective became very popular among laboratory-oriented experimental social psychologists and in the mid 1980s, more organizational studies emerged to use the impression management framework. Most empirical studies on impression management concentrate on the situational or individual factors that influence a certain impression management behaviour or tactics that affect outcomes like promotions, performance appraisal ratings, and career success. What is impression management ? Impression management is defined as the process by which people attempt to influence the images that others have of them (Rosenfeld, Giacalone Riordan, 1995). According to sociologist Erving Goffman, men and women are like actors, which perform in front of everyone (audience) to attract their attentions.They use their experiences as a script,to deal with daily activities. Usually a script contains of basic information that people stored in their mind like the persons involved, the situations and the meaning of a scene. Without a script,the situation might become chaos,and the actors behavious might become chaotic as well.When people engage in social intereactions, it is known as performances. The performance consists of a combination of verbal and non verbal behaviours, influenced by actors interaction motives. In the next chapter, we will be discussing more about impression management behavior. Impression management behaviours In this chapter,we will discuss about different types of impression management that exist,followed by Jones and Pittmans (1982) impression management taxonomy. According to Leary and Kowalski( 1990) there are two types of impression management behaviours:verbal impression management behaviour and non verbal impression management behaviour.Non verbal behaviour contains expressions like smile, yawns, and etc that can reflect the feeling of the actors without the use of words. Whereas for verbal impression management behaviour,it is defined as the opposite of non verbal behaviour because it involves the action of the actors to influence the others. Verbal impression management can separate into 2 categories, assertive impression management and defensive impression management.. Assertive impression management is a tactic that to reveal a favourable image on the other. It also further divide into 2 sub-categories, that is other-focused (making sure that the target feel good about himself) and self-focused (aim to himself to make it seems that he has a potential skill and posses a good qualities on others). For defensive impression management, it is mostly used to repair or protect ones image. Jones and Pittman Taxonomy E.E Jones was the first sociologist who investigate the social behaviour. He believed that the Ingratiation has the largest power to influence other people in order to increase their attractiveness of themselves. Jones and Pittman later developed another 4 classes of self-presentation strategies that will mainly engage in our daily life in order to influence the others. There are: Intimidation, Self-promotion, Exemplification and Supplication. Ingratiation The most common and most studied impression management tactic is ingratiation. It is also known as attraction management . According to Jones, ingratiation is a process where the ingratiator find out what the audience finds attractive in an individual and then provide it to them. It is widely used by everyone in our daily activities.People engage in ingratiation to enhance their own actual power in a relationship. Ingratiation can be a successful way of influencing others if it is used wisely. Intimidation People who engage in intimidation try to gain social power by being feared. The intimidator try to convince his target that he is dangerous. By doing so, he will gain respect from his targets. Intimidation is most likely to take place in working field, family, school and etc. Self-promotion Unlike ingratiation who want to be liked, self promotion focus more on being competent.The actor usually focus more on specific skills that they have, such as playing a musical instrument to attract other people. The self-promoter wants to convince others and portray an image of competence among everyone.The aim when using this strategy is usually an immediate one such as getting admitted into university or getting a new job. Exemplification The ingratiator wants to be liked, the self promoter wants to be seen as competent, the intimidator wants to be feared, and the exemplifier wants to be admired and respected.He wants to be seen as disciplined and honest Usually the exemplifier always come early at work or takes work home everyday.They want everyone knows that they work hard and engage in self sacrifice.By doing so, the others will feel guilty because they are not the same as the exemplifier. The target will somehow support the exemplifier by doing the same thing sooner or later. Supplication The last self presentation strategy would be supplication. It is a strategy where someone exploits their weaknesses.The supplicator tend to seek help or sympathy from others. Usually it is used by those handicapped people, who cant perform daily activities normally. Supplication is the opposite of self promotion. Based on daily realities, critically discuss how lectures, parents, politicians and artistes engage in impression management. In this chapter, we will discuss in details about the question of this assignment (which is stated above). Artistes As we mentioned in previous chapters, everyone engage in impression management in their daily lifes, especially the artistes.There are three types of strategies artistes use to manage their impressions, they are ingratiation, self promotion, and supplication. Most of the artistes use ingratiation tactic to attract their fans. Artistes do it through make up, wearing provocative clothes, expensive jewelries to portray a healthy look. This gives a fake image towards the public on the attractiveness of the celebrities. For example, Nicole Kidman will not step out from her house without any make up. Imagine if the fans see their idols real look without any make up, they might feel surprise and disappointed, and this might cause them to support another artist instead of the original one. Thats why we always see the artistes in heavy make up or beautiful clothes, but never see them in normal looks. Besides ingratiation, artistes also use self promotion strategy when engaging in impression management. Artistes do it by promoting themselves and portray an image of competence among them. This will show the difference between the celebrities. They want the audience to recognize them for the skills, not only their physical appearance. For instance, Tom Cruise is one of the most well known male actor in Hollywood. He might not be as handsome as Brad Pitt, but his unique acting skills made him as the best male actor in the past 10 years. This proves that physical appearance is not the only tool to survive in the artistes world, but also the unique skill that each artist possesses. In addition, artistes also use supplication strategy to manage their impression. As we all know, Michael Jackson was found addicted to drugs during the 1990s.He admitted taking Valium, Xanax and Ativan to deal with the stress of the child sexual abuse allegations made against him, and painkillers actually were prescribed to soothe excruciating pain that he was suffering after recent reconstructive surgery on his scalp. All the fans were shocked and upset when they found out about that. They cant accept the fact that their idol has been on drugs for so long. Some fans were disappointed and refused to support him anymore. However, he admitted the mistakes and acknowledge that should be punished. He pleaded the fans to forgive him for his silly mistakes.In the end, the fans forgive him for drugs abuse and continue to support him.If he did not apologize to his fans, the situation might changed. Conclusion In this assignment, we have a clearer picture about the background of impression management and the definition of it. We also understand that there are different types of impression management strategies that we use in our daily activities. The main purpose for this assignment is to study about the different ways to engage in impression management by different individuals with different roles. Artistes, politicians, lectures, and parents are the targets for this assignment. By using Jones and Pittman Taxonomy, we can understand how the targets manage their impressions in daily activities. Different people will use different strategy to manage their impression, but their goal is the same: attract attention. To conclude, impression management is very important to all of us. We need it in our daily activities. Everyone wants to make a good impression when we are communicating with other people. A good impression is very important because we will never get a second chance to make a first impression. UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE ACADEMIC YEAR: 2012 OCTOBER 2012 TRIMESTER ASSIGNMENT COVER SHEET Course Title : INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLOGY Course Code : UAPS2003 Tutorial group : Tutorial 3 Title of assignment : Impression management Due date : 14 November 2012 Students Name Students ID No. Course Year and Sem Parents Parents usually are the one who having most of the time get in touch with their children. Hence, it is not peculiar that parents usually use some kind of impression management on their children. Children, on the other hand, will be influenced by their parents, in order to be disciplined or becoming a well-mannered person in the future. Thus, showing that impression management is the important part in this field for educating children. Parents usually use 3 types of impression management on them, there are Ingratiation, Intimidation and Exemplification. In terms of Ingratiation, parents usually behave friendly in front of their child. Even though they are working at outstation, leaving them alone or sending them to the guardinator to take good care of their child, they call them once a week in order to get in touch with them, building a good rapport with them, no matter how far is it. Some parents even buy some material stuff to their kids as their compensation of time. They shower their children with love and harmony, awarding them by taking them to fun-fair whenever they done something correctly or scoring a good results. Besides, when the children feel unhappy to a certain kind of things, like feeling not happy with their teacher in daily school experiences, parents will become a good listener, listen to their story or experiences and find a solution for them. All in all, parents will be able to win their childr en heart, and in return, children will treat his/her parents back nicely. Ingratiation shows that parents use their positive side of themselves to influence the children perception in the front stage. The next impression management is Intimidation. This kind of impression is simply regarded as the opposite action of the Ingratiation. As we known, Ingratiation is type of the impression in order to get people attractiveness, whereas for Intimidation, it is kind of the impression that make the surrounding feel scary and dangerous. Parents also using this type of impression towards their kids. Parents, usually father uses his air of authority to educate their children in those days and nowadays as well. This situation has made the surrounding very scary and children will feel the sense of danger towards him. Consequently, children dare not against to their parents in the future. Even though when children come to the rebellious stage, they also dare not tone loudly against their parents. This seems much effective than Ingratiation in order to educate their children. Intimidation shows that parents using their negative side of themselves to influence/fear the children in the front stage but at the back stage, they are very caring for their children. The following impression management is Exemplification. This is a kind of impression that a person sacrifices himself in order to influence the other people so that the target will feel guilty and tends to changing his/her bad behaviour. This usually happen on parents in educating their children as well. For instance, when parents saw their children throw rubbish in the public without intentionally, they will pick up the rubbish and throw it into a proper thrash in front of their children, or whenever the parents saw others doing so, also picking up the rubbish and throw it in a proper way, in front of children of course. This has made children guilty that littering is a bad behaviour and they start to change themselves, by not repeating the same mistake again. This shows that parents setting a good example in front of their children in order to instil a good morale values on them. In china, most parents are very poor. They usually work as a farmer and yet they want their children to have a further studies on overseas to get a proper degree. Thus, in order to fund the education fees, they worked very hard and even sell off their valuable things like the land or their house as well to let their children to study. This is also a kind of impression management in parents engaging to their children, sacrificing themselves and making their children to feel guilty if they do not study hard to get a proper degree. Lecturer Impression management refers to the individual intentionally or unintentionally influence and control others formed their own impression. Appropriate impression management helps individuals and others to establish good interpersonal relationships, even attracting the attention of others, and then pull nearly the distance between. Therefore, if lecturer can grasp of teaching impression management strategies, will help to attract the attention of students and learning focused, directly or indirectly, to enhance the students learning motivation and effectiveness. Goffman said that Everyone has their own performance to others; everyone is always trying to keep a proper impression in social contexts, in order to get a positive rating. Everyone has a set of face-saving or face saving strategy that face work. The impression management tactics of lecturer use is ingratiation, intimidation and exemplification. Ingratiation is the strategy use to influence others, in order to increase their own personal attractiveness. How do we choose to show ourselves, by increase our personal appearance? By clothes, darker clothes to convey authority and lighter clothes is produce a friendly image. Do not wear the excessive jewellery and open-toed shoes. Besides, most of the lecturer uses shaping good teaching in order to enhance teachers social status and importance enhance communication between schools and parents. Lecturer emphasis the influence of their background behavior, try to understand student subcultures, establish a positive self-identity, in order to shorten the spatial distance between teachers and students. Lecturer unauthorized use of ingratiation strategies to enhance students interest in learning, to create a sound and stable self-identity of students. Intimidation, the use of coercion is to show the behavior itself is a dangerous man, and caused a horrible impression to others, to accept each other for fear of control, so as to achieve their own ends. Most of lecturer given quizzes and practice in the class to supervise students concentrate in class, understand students learning. Students feel afraid to take quizzes and practice in the case of an unpredictable. This situation helps students to increase their concentration. For those their attendance rate is lower than 80% in each subject, examination not allow as their punishment. Students will attend their class and do not absence randomly. For those who full attendance, bonus marks will give as their rewards. Exemplification, model strategy use refers to behavior for those who show outstanding moral behavior, designed to lure followers exemplary. The core of the strategy is to make others agree with the behavior, in order to win the respect of others, and to increase its own influence to the lofty impression of integrity and behavior. If lecturer is fair and equitable, students were more likely to trust the teachers, actively participate in courses. Score is in your hand, however you decide, not for me to decide, let students know the score in their hands, and openness their result. Respect is important, if teachers respect the students, the students also felt seriously under mutual respect with the teachers, the students learn the effect will be better. Do not quibble over or any contempt and crumbs attitude, if you give him a face embarrassment, may be the next time he not come to class anymore or sleep at there, what ever you talk, he not listen also. If students can feel the enthusias m and sense of responsibility of the teacher, students take the initiative go to class and take part of actively in class. In conclusion, the teacher can directly or indirectly affect the students, but also has the responsibility to make good profit to the future with a variety of ways to enhance students learning motivation and effectiveness. Therefore, as a teacher if the proper use of impression management can promote human interaction of teachers and students to improve the students attention and interest of lectures, with the love of learning contexts, and thus effectively improve learning outcomes. Politician Do you ever ask yourself why the politician is always full of cheers of support from the audiences in his or her political speech? Recently in 6 November 2012 of the United States President Election, Barack Obama managed to win the election and be able to serve for his country for four years more. It is partly due to the high support from the people of United States. However, we may notice that an election is always full of political talks. Therefore, politician will take their opportunity to give their point of views in order to get their supports and build up their reputation. Without doubt, the phenomenon of dramaturgy and the application of impression management can be easily seen in politics. Many of the politicians have their own family and of course they perform differently in different situations. For example, a politician will perform as an ambitious and inspired leader in front of the mass people. On the other hand, politicians will behave to be mean and aggressive to the member of the opposite party. Moreover, they would not behave what they are in politic towards their family members and their beloved. It is then obvious that the behaviors of politicians are dependent to the situations, and the application of impression management is tremendously important to the politicians. Most importantly, what strategies should politicians adopt in engaging impression management? First, most of the politicians use ingratiation tactic as their strategic in politic. The Tactic of ingratiation is to make one politician more liked and attractive by the others. So politician will sometime find out something that attract the peoples attention and provide them something that people really want. They will be considered as caring, responsible and considerate. The purpose of this tactics is to give the good impression to the people and thus the people will support him as a politician. Dato Sri  Haji Mohammad Najib bin Tun Haji Abdul Razak  (born 23 July 1953) is a  Malaysian  politician who has been the sixth  Prime Minister of Malaysia  since 2009. Recent time, our Prime Minister Najib have establish many policies that benefit all Malaysian. As Malaysia is a multicultural country, 1Malaysia Campaign was established by the Prime Minister on 16 September 2008. 1Malaysia Campaign put emphasis on ethnic harmony, national unity, and efficient governance. Furthe rmore, Najib also introduced the Government Transformation Program (GTP) to increase quality, skill and transparency in public service and the government. Specific measures include the use of Key Performance Indicators to measure the performance of officials and agencies and National Key Result Areas to define goals for specific areas of public policy. Najib also develop a  New Economic Model  that will speed Malaysias transition to a high income country. The plan will emphasise ways to increase the income and productivity of workers by encouraging knowledge industries and increasing investment from overseas. Moreover, politicians also engage intimidation tactic towards their political enemy such as the representative of opposite member, terrorists and others. Sometimes the politician stands their point of view very much and they hope that thing can process according to what he says. So they will use this strategic to fear the people and thus achieving what he want. It may be unusual to see in a democratic country because the politician will definitely dont want to lose his supports, but this can be widely seen in the some dictators of underdeveloped countries such as the last dictator of Libya- Muammar Gaddafi. In some how they want to scare the people from preventing them to overthrow his idea and rule. One example that can explain this tactic is the famous Munich Agreement that happened in 30 September 1938. Munich Agreement,   (September 30, 1938), settlement reached by  Germany, Great  Britain,  France, and  Italy  that permitted German annexation of the Sudetenland  in western  Czechoslovakia.  As Hitler continued to make inflammatory speeches demanding that Germans in Czechoslovakia be reunited with their homeland, war seemed imminent. Neither France nor Britain felt prepared to defend Czechoslovakia, however, and both were anxious to avoid a military confrontation with Germany at almost any cost. With lots of effort, the Britain and France were able to persuade Hitler to have a meeting. However, Two Czech representatives were only allowed to sit in the room next door. Afterward, Czechoslovakia was informed by Britain and France that it could either resist Germany alone or submit to the prescribed annexations. Finally, the German army was able to conquer Czech without having a war. It is clear to show that Hitler applied tactic of intimidation and fierce impression towards his enemies made him able to achieve his goal. Furthermore, self-promotion is vital for politician because they want to show the capability in doing this. From this, they will get support and then continue in making contribution to the society. During the election, we can always see many politicians go to their election area to shake hand with the voters and even giving a political speech. The main purpose of these moves is to promote oneself and gain vote from the people. One of the examples of this impression management is the fireside chats of Former President  Franklin Roosevelt. They were called fireside chats because fireside chats because when you chat by the fire, you feel calm and relaxed, just like what the fireside chats were intended to be like. People could sit at home and listen to the president speak.  President Roosevelt talked the nation on the radio about various issues during his presidency. On that time, fireside chats were broadcast every Sunday night. He spoke of plans such as creating jobs for the unemp loyed. He gave hope when people needed hope.  Consequently, he gained great support from the people of The United States that made him elected more than two times. Self presentation/ Presenting the Self In self presentation, we are the actors and the others are the audience and vice versa on other people perception. Generally, all of us will try to display the positive side of us and hide the bad images of us. This can be mainly seen in our daily life experience. For instance, we would dress up nicely when we dating with somebody else, laughing with other people although it was a bad joke, and try to pretend a good listener although knowing that it was a boring story. So, just ask ourselves, does this scenario has destroy our true identity on pretending the others although knowing that something is not going well. The answer is NO because all of us are applying the Goffmans principle of role distance, the separation of outward performance as well as inward performances. Therefore, we may outwardly perform a nice, smiling face but inwardly scolding and cursing them instead. Outward performance is similar to the actor does onstage and the inward feeling is comparable to what the actor does on the backstage. Goffman hence uses this stages to his theory in analysing the self-presentation, dividing into frontstage and backstage. In front stage, people present their selves in ways expected for the others, like audience. On the other hand (backstage), starts to reveal their true identity, showing no concern for the audience. Frontstage performance is not necessary consider as dishonest or making fool on the others (audience), but it can be perform better if we apply the Jones and Pittman Taxonomy on the front stage and conceal our true identity in the back stage in our daily, it can seems much interesting in order can influence other people perception as well.

History of 1803 :: essays papers

History of 1803 POLITICAL EVENTS: 1803 was probably one of the most important year in the history of the United States. The reason for this is the Louisiana Purchase. The Louisiana Purchase was the largest land purchase ever made in the United States. The Louisiana Purchase increased the national territory by about 140%; the total amount of land purchased was 828,000 sq. miles in extent. It was purchased from France for 80,000,000 francs, which is about $15 million in today's currency. These following states comprised original territory; Missouri, Nebraska, Iowa, North and South Dakota, most of Louisiana, Kansas, Minnesota, Montana, Wyoming, and parts of Colorado and Oklahoma. Another political event that occurred in 1803 was Ohio became a state of the United States. Also another political event in 1803 was the renewal of the war between France and Britain. France also completed the Occupation of Hanover. The Swiss cantons regained independence in 1803 to. Robert Emmett, the leader of the Ir. July Rebellion was executed on September 20, 1803. The reason for this was he led an unsuccessful insurrection in Dublin. But he was finally caught on July 23, 1803 and was hanged. He was later celebrated as a martyr for the cause of Irish nationalism. MILITARY EVENTS On May 23,1803 Captain Edward Preble was commissioned as a commander. He was set for the third squadron to be sent against Tripod. Also the renewal of the war between France and Britain started. SOCIAL EVENTS The first tax supported library was set up in 1803. It was located in Salisbury Connecticut and was started as a gift from Caleb Bingham, who was a Boston publisher. The library continued by grants of town money. Also the German Pietism group was started. They were called Harminists, more popularly known as Rappites after their leader George Rapp. George Rapp established a communal settlement near Pittsburgh, which they called Harmony. Glove manufacturing also began in 1803. The manufacturing began in Gloversville New York. It was started by Ezekiel Case. The town then became noted for the business of making gloves and mittens. Also in 1803 there was a record set for Racehorse Peacemaking. The record stood for 30 years, running 2 miles in 3 minutes and 54 seconds. John Randolph also fluttered Philadelphia circling with the announcement that he had fathered an illegitimate child. The subscription prices of the Philadelphia Periodical raised. The portfolio now cost $5 per year. History of 1803 :: essays papers History of 1803 POLITICAL EVENTS: 1803 was probably one of the most important year in the history of the United States. The reason for this is the Louisiana Purchase. The Louisiana Purchase was the largest land purchase ever made in the United States. The Louisiana Purchase increased the national territory by about 140%; the total amount of land purchased was 828,000 sq. miles in extent. It was purchased from France for 80,000,000 francs, which is about $15 million in today's currency. These following states comprised original territory; Missouri, Nebraska, Iowa, North and South Dakota, most of Louisiana, Kansas, Minnesota, Montana, Wyoming, and parts of Colorado and Oklahoma. Another political event that occurred in 1803 was Ohio became a state of the United States. Also another political event in 1803 was the renewal of the war between France and Britain. France also completed the Occupation of Hanover. The Swiss cantons regained independence in 1803 to. Robert Emmett, the leader of the Ir. July Rebellion was executed on September 20, 1803. The reason for this was he led an unsuccessful insurrection in Dublin. But he was finally caught on July 23, 1803 and was hanged. He was later celebrated as a martyr for the cause of Irish nationalism. MILITARY EVENTS On May 23,1803 Captain Edward Preble was commissioned as a commander. He was set for the third squadron to be sent against Tripod. Also the renewal of the war between France and Britain started. SOCIAL EVENTS The first tax supported library was set up in 1803. It was located in Salisbury Connecticut and was started as a gift from Caleb Bingham, who was a Boston publisher. The library continued by grants of town money. Also the German Pietism group was started. They were called Harminists, more popularly known as Rappites after their leader George Rapp. George Rapp established a communal settlement near Pittsburgh, which they called Harmony. Glove manufacturing also began in 1803. The manufacturing began in Gloversville New York. It was started by Ezekiel Case. The town then became noted for the business of making gloves and mittens. Also in 1803 there was a record set for Racehorse Peacemaking. The record stood for 30 years, running 2 miles in 3 minutes and 54 seconds. John Randolph also fluttered Philadelphia circling with the announcement that he had fathered an illegitimate child. The subscription prices of the Philadelphia Periodical raised. The portfolio now cost $5 per year.