Climate Change and Global Warming Essay

Cause Climatologists, who predict short and long-term climate trends, believe carbon dioxide and other emissions, mainly from industrial and commercial activity over the last two centuries, have altered the Earth’s atmosphere. This change has caused a â€Å"greenhouse effect† which is rapidly warming the planet. Effects The predicted effects of global warming include the melting of polar ice caps; a significant rise in sea levels; more extreme weather events; a reduction in agricultural land; water shortages; food shortages; loss of rain forests; and more species becoming extinct. Solutions Scientists believe all nations must take immediate and urgent action to dramatically reduce carbon emissions. Technological solutions have been proposed, ranging from â€Å"carbon scrubbers† that remove carbon from the atmosphere and reduce greenhouse gases to placing giant mirrors in space to reflect enough sunlight to cool down the planet. Controversy Although an overwhelming majority of scientists accept the man-made global warming theory, a minority have questioned this consensus. They suggest that man’s impact on the climate is negligible and that global warming is wholly the result of natural cycles. David Kennedy, nd. Basic Causes of Global Warming Retrieved February 27, 2013 from http://www.ehow.com/about_5057613_basic-causes-global-warming.html Basic Causes of Global Warming Greenhouse Effect When sunlight hits the Earth some is absorbed but most is reflected. The greenhouse effect is when sunlight escaping back into space is absorbed by gases in the atmosphere and then reflected back onto the Earth’s surface. Most greenhouse gas is water vapor, but other gases that contribute to it include carbon dioxide, methane, ozone, and other gases that have a less significant impact. Carbon Dioxide According to the U.S. Emissions Inventory 2004 Executive Summary, in 2002 around 40 percent of carbon dioxide emissions were the result of burning coal for electricity. Around 93 percent of the electric utility industry burns coal. Carbon dioxide emissions also come from cars and other vehicles, airplanes and buildings. New technologies, like the hydrogen fuel cell vehicle and hybrid electric vehicles, are some solutions for minimizing vehicle carbon dioxide emissions. Methane Methane is the second largest contributor to the greenhouse effect. Methane is a natural byproduct of living organisms and is produced by plants and bovine flatulence. Bacteria decomposing organic material also produce methane. According to the U.S. Emissions Inventory 2004 Executive Summary, methane levels have increased by 145 percent in the last 100 years. In the United States, all rice fields are grown in flooded areas which produce methane gases. Deforestation Deforestation is the process of clearing forests, either rainforest or temperate forests. The burning of forests is responsible for up to 25 percent of carbon dioxide emissions. This is the result of clearing and cutting nearly 34 million acres a year. Forests are also important because they convert carbon dioxide into oxygen. So while carbon dioxide emissions increase, the lack of forests is making the number increase faster. Permafrost Permafrost is a layer of land and soil that has been frozen and kept at freezing temperatures or below. In many northern climates like Alaska, Canada and Siberia, the permafrost layer of soil holds vast amounts of carbon. What researchers and scientists fear is that the permafrost will warm up and microbes will decompose the soil and release carbon dioxide. Permafrost has absorbed carbon dioxide for thousands of years, but may release it back if thawed. Timothy Sexton,.nd. Global Warming Cause & Effects retrieved February 27, 2013 from http://www.ehow.com/about_4744736_global-warming-cause-effects.html Global Warming Cause & Effects Greenhouse Effect The overriding cause of global warming is an umbrella term known as the â€Å"greenhouse effect.† As the rays of the sun reach Earth, some of the heat is absorbed and some is radiated back into the atmosphere. Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere act similarly to a gigantic mirror and reflect warmth back to Earth that in the past would have continued being radiated into space. It is this reflection of heat back to Earth that is at the heart of the greenhouse effect. Greenhouse Gases These greenhouse gases that are responsible for reflecting back heat that would otherwise be lost include simple water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane and the infamous ozone. Unfortunately, there is no way to know exactly which greenhouse gas is most responsible for the greenhouse effect. Cause of Increased Gases The problem of global warming has been caused by the addition of more greenhouse gas into the atmosphere. The gases responsible will rise into the air whether humans are here or not; the problem is that much of basic human activity in the 20th and 21st century produced greenhouse gas at a level never experienced before. Basically, any activity that produces one of the gases listed above is a cause of global warming; everything from driving a car to using electricity. Because trees act as a natural conversion plant to transform carbon dioxide into oxygen, deforestation contributes to global warming because the fewer trees there are, the more carbon dioxide gets into the atmosphere. Effects The effects of global warming are potentially far-ranging. Increased temperatures means melting of glaciers, ice and snow around the poles, which means an increase in sea levels. Warming water will also increase the potential for hurricanes and typhoons so devastating that they will make Hurricane Katrina pale in comparison. That rise in sea levels could also mean that beachfront property will soon be found 10 to 50 miles inland from where beaches are now. Temperatures The average temperature on Earth has been steadily rising since the mid-1980s, and global warming is expected to continue this trend. In addition to longer and hotter summers, rising temperatures will affect agriculture. Indeed, the effect of a hotter Earth is already increasing the transmission of infectious bacteria that thrive under warm conditions. Hoax? There are still a great many people who believe that global warming is simply some kind of politically-created hoax. Those leading the charge against global warming tend to be industry with a vested interest. On the other hand, the list of scientific entities that have agreed on the reality of global warming include, among many others, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the Environmental Protection Agency and the Royal Society of the UK.

Underground and Sublime: How the Subterranean Context of a City Embodies a Unique Spatial Experience

Underground and sublime â€Å"The high gained from such subterraneous geographic expedition is so bally intense, there’s no demand for a goblet in this wonderland. Unequalled by anything on the surface degree, the bowls of the metropolis are a sight behold.† ( Graphotism, 1999 ) Modern infinite, in context of the metropolis and the experience of a metropolis inhabitant, has been reduced to a generalised position that can be described as ‘verticality’ . Gaston Bachelard ( 1969 ) presents his theory on verticalness through the mutual opposition of the basement and the loft, which in bend brings unequivocal penetrations into the really different phenomenological waies the imaginativeness perceives ; the House in our eyes is a concentrated building, constructed with upward impulse. It becomes an independent volume which provides us with a psychologically concrete nature. But within the house, infinite is opposed by the reason of the Attic and the unreason of the basement. If the House serves as a metaphor for a City, the rules are the same in that the Attic is representative of the rational attack taken to urban spacial design. Henri Lefebvre remarks in his book The Production of Space, â€Å"Verticality, and the independency of volumes with regard to the original land and it’s distinctive features, are, exactly, produced† . Equally long as we adhere to Verticality being the cardinal axis of the urban environment, our eyes lift above the immediate specificity of district on which it is built, ensuing in a homogeneous built environment, therefore an abstraction of world. The basement on the other manus, in the instance ‘The Underground’ , is perceived as a lost dimension, one which is defined by abstraction, but Bachelard points out that the phenomenology of populating a ‘cellar’ infinite places the dweller in a harmonious province with subterraneous forces and the unreason of digging. The position of a metropolis inhabitant on their immediate environment, one time populating an belowground infinite, is returned and further deepened, to the point that the imaginativeness is limitless within the foremost ‘dark entity’ . The essay will research what, why and how the subterraneous context of a metropolis embodies a alone spacial experience through an question into the Sublime. The relation of Sublime theory to civic substructure embedded in the metropolis resistance will supply the evidences to oppugn whether the thoughts of the Sublime are relevant, particularly in the instance of infinite designed without architectural theoretical purposes. Can infinite be more strictly empyreal if it isn’t deliberately designed to be empyreal? What â€Å"Whatever is fitted in any kind to excite the thoughts of hurting, and danger, that is to state, whatever is in any kind awful, or is familiar about awful objects or operates in a mode correspondent to terror is a beginning of the sublime ; that is, it is productive of the strongest emotion the head is capable of feeling.† ( Burke, 1990 ) Bachelard ( 1969 ) uses a short narration to explicate his theory on how belowground infinite ab initio induces a sense of fright in the topic provided by C G Jung in his book Modern Man in hunt of a Soul. â€Å" Here the witting Acts of the Apostless like a adult male who, hearing a leery noise in the basement, hastes to the Attic and, happening no burglars at that place decides, accordingly, that the noise was pure imaginativeness. In world, this prudent adult male did non make bold venture into the cellar.† The Underground is depicted as the more awful in the comparing of elevated infinite and subterraneous infinite due to the degrees of witting idea used to apologize fright. In which, brings us to a cardinal trait of the Sublime. Fear is an apprehensiveness of hurting or decease, therefore rendering the organic structure nullified of its powers of moving and concluding when subjected enter the resistance. ( Burke, 1990 ) Yet this poses a paradox when we consider different scenarios that involve the rite of come ining an belowground infinite. In some occasions, for case during wartime, adult male seeks the protection of the resistance to avoid hurting or decease. The sand trap outlook takes a figure of distinguishable signifiers, from which it is deserving noticing on their deficiency of basic design considerations including comfort, airing and visible radiation. This natural disposition towards subterranean brooding roots from the earliest signifier of shelter for adult male, the cave, and yet even now the design of belowground sand traps isn’t clearly different from a of course happening cave, proposing that we besides portion a sense of security alongside fright. There is besides the passion of wonder, even though it is the simplest of our passions, which can overmaster our frights and coerce us to follow the way to find. â€Å"When danger or strivings press excessively early, they are incapable of giving any delectation, and are merely awful ; but at certain distances, and with certain alterations, they may be, and they are delightful† . ( Burke, 1990 ) In kernel, it is the thoughts of hurting that are much more powerful than pleasance, therefore the thoughts of the empyreal emerge through awful experience, but necessarily our brushs result in pleasance. The journey undertaken by human existences with the wonder to dig deep into the unknown, the stairss taken to make a finish, particularly into deepnesss of the belowground apart from any above land spacial experience as the topic is confined from all about. A longing for the safety of the surface indicates feelings of anxiousness and claustrophobia, which could hold desperate effects, but it is precisely this fright that accordingly produces the extreme highs which will ever be attractive to the topic. ( Carlyle, 2000 ) Why â€Å"Adjusting to the extremes of silence and deafening noise, bright corridors and flip black stairwells and basically developing an confidant cognition of a labyrinthine system in which were one time ignored [ go ] gaps to underground frontiers.† ( Carlyle, 2000 ) The rite of traveling belowground entirely is empyreal ; as we descend into darkness our senses are aroused, awakened and heightened. Our attending to minute inside informations is increased within a confined infinite, like the sound of a rat scurrying along the tracks of the London Underground ; the physical boundaries are existent, seting the senses under unbelievable emphasis, go forthing the imaginativeness to widen into the overpowering darkness bring oning a strong sense of fright over normally undistinguished events. †When we know the full extent of any danger, when we accustom our eyes to it, a great trade of the apprehensiveness vanishes.† ( Burke, 1990 ) These all being corollaries of our human nature, we are nonvoluntary to these effects which in all facets are linked to Sublime Theory. Edmund Burke in his book A Philosophic Enquiry into the Beginning of our Ideas on the Sublime and the Beautiful, the distinctive features of the sublime are set out in parts and subdivision clear uping the theory of our passions and their genuine sourced. In relation to architecture, he supplies concise direction and review of the nature of empyreal infinite, but it is the direct personal experience and feelings he describes, the beginning of the sublime, which I endeavor to compare with the phenomenology of Underground infinite. â€Å"Stepping outside our prearranged traffic forms and established finishs, we find a metropolis laced with liminality, with border districts cutting across its bosom and making into its sky. We find a 1000 disappearing points, each unique, each alive, each pregnant with wealths and admirations and time.† ( Cook, 2009 ) Modernity has brought a huge clandestine underworld into metropolis degrees, cluttered with wrestling conveyance tunnels, telecommunication lines, the mail rail, sand traps and vaults. All of which are excavated from the Earth, falling into darkness, off from any beginning of natural visible radiation, which incurs that all light is unnaturally substituted. Shadows engulf infinite, making these disappearing points that Michael Cook, an urban adventurer who runs the website Vanishing Point, talks about in Geoff Manaugh’s The BLDG BLOG Book. The vanishing point besides refers to a point of eternity, which in Sublime footings refers to a delicious horror. Upon looking down a conveyance tunnel, in belowground civic architecture, there is no light lighting the terminal, there is merely darkness, which presents the pheonomenon of eternity, therefore our imaginativeness is free to widen to our panic, or pleasance. Ideas are able to reiterate in our head about boundlessly, like  "if you hold up a consecutive pole, with your oculus to one terminal, it will look extended to a length about incredible.† ( Burke, 1990 ) So even though the existent dimensions of an belowground tunnel make a sense of claustrophobia, they besides comprehend enormousness in the head of the object, non merely through the semblance of eternity but besides the cognition of the labyrinthine system that they inhabit. At this point, the entryway and the flight seem inexplicable, but the consequence of eternity on the imaginativeness switches hurting to pleasance. Greatness of the dimension has a powerful impact on the sublime, particularly in consideration to architecture. But it can be perceived in many ways, much of them opposing. For illustration Norberg-Schulz in his book Genius Loci describes â€Å"The Mountain, therefore, belongs to the Earth, but it rises toward the sky. It is ‘high’ , it is close to heaven† , and the cosmic relation it has in connexion Eden and Earth, connoting that the monumental graduated table of a mountain making out to the Eden is genuinely empyreal. On the other terminal of the spectrum, Burke explains the degree of minuteness’ mentioning to such things as the ‘infinite divisibility of matter’ . We are every bit confounded by smallness as enormousness. Although in footings of belowground infinite, illustriousness of dimension has its most dramatic consequence through alternate significances. Vastness of extent, in footings of length, tallness and deepness in peculiar, exaggerate perceptual experiences of the sheer measure of such infinites, even though we can non see them, which has a profound consequence on the head. Once we explore them for ourselves our civic agreeableness map are made tangible, and we know that, â€Å"Every clip we turn on the pat, draw the concatenation, pick up the telephone, there is an belowground motion ; a gurgle of H2O, an impulse along a wire.† ( Trench & A ; Hillman, 1985 ) As the beds are peeled away the venas of the metropolis are revealed, seting the belowground kingdom on a graduated table similar to the starry heavens in its impressiveness. ‘The great profuseness of things which are splendid’ , creates the widespread vision of the sublime. ( Burke, 1990 ) The most surpassing property to Underground infinite is darkness. Darkness being the most productive of the sublime, and the Underground being unable to tackle the power of the Sun, it descends into a fearful province overwhelmed by darkness. The theory of the empyreal stresses the importance that when you enter a edifice, to do objects most dramatic, they should be every bit different as possible to the object we have been most familiar with, which implies that our ocular variety meats must be put under the most stress to heighten our perceptual experiences of the sublime. ( Burke, 1990 ) This can be farther assisted by the nature of shadows which bring a degree of obscureness into drama. Burke uses characters of fright in human existences ; â€Å"how greatly dark adds to our apprehension, in all instances of danger, and how much the impressions of shades and hobs, of which none can organize clear thoughts, affect heads, which gave recognition to the popular narratives refering such kinds of beings.† Shadows reinstate the feeling of presence, but in a confined infinite lucidity is scarce and they become abstracted in the oculus of the topic, instantly striking panic in their bosom. ( Burke, 1990 ) Other than this type of visible radiation that may make a sublime atmosphere, the antonym of darkness, that is light that obliterates all objects through its pure appendage, will hold the same consequence as complete darkness. An illustration of this is a bolt of Lightning. It moves with such quickness and brightness, that our senses are overcome. Therefore, upon come ining a infinite a speedy passage from visible radiation to darkness or frailty versa, recreates this consequence in an atmospheric environment. ( Burke, 1990 ) Apart from the effects visible radiation has on the oculus of the topic, it is the combination of vision and sound which achieves the highest grade of the sublime, and is relevant to the design of tunnels. A tunnel is constructed by uninterrupted repeat which sight perceives as one point multiplied to eternity. â€Å"The oculus vibrating in all its parts must near near to the nature of what causes hurting, and accordingly must bring forth an thought of the sublime.† This is besides relevant to the sound of the Underground. Within the confines of all environing solid stuff walls, sound reverberates around the infinite, garnering impulse and arrives at the topic with inordinate volume, which has the ability to overmaster the psyche, suspending it in action and to make full it with panic. ( Burke, 1990 ) How â€Å"The tree drawn on the land by their shadows made the most profound feeling on me. This image grew in my imaginativeness. I so saw everything that was the most drab in nature. What did I see? The mass if objects detached in black against a visible radiation of utmost pallor.† ( Vidler, 1992 ) Modern architecture, particularly in the attack to belowground architecture, has often attempted to free itself of the threatening darkness which is so imperative to the theory of the sublime and voluminous in the nature of belowground infinite. This is due to a modernist theory led by Le Corbusier in the 20th century, which takes a stance on urban design as a corporate. Dark seemed to be a parasite to architecture and it was thought that transparence would â€Å"eradicate the sphere of myth, intuition, dictatorship and above all irrationality.† Architects concentrated on opening up metropoliss to circulation, visible radiation and air, labeling the profession as the ‘light-bringers’ when it came to planing belowground infinite in peculiar. ( Vidler, 1992 ) A specific illustration of this modernist theory being apparent in current architectural pattern is the Canary Wharf London Underground Station by Foster+Partners. Which I will compare with another modern-day resistance station, the Westminster Extension by Michael Hopkins to underground infinite taken with mention to sublimate theory. Canary Wharf London Underground Station is by far the largest station to be built in the recent Jubilee Line Extension act due to the context it uses, that being the former West India dock, therefore it benefits from the handiness of infinite. The sheer size of the infinite advocates illustriousness of dimension, yet its horizontal proportions don’t comply with empyreal theory. The edifice boasts its length bing to the tallness of the Canary Wharf Tower to Burke ( 1990 ) â€Å"an hundred paces of even land will ne'er work such an consequence as a tower an 100s paces tall.† Although the uniformity to plan, with equal proportions and design based on insistent entities, enhances the subject’s experience of enormousness within infinite. It besides shows similarities with the architecture of Gothic Cathedrals in that the technology on show is evocative of the winging buttress. In the survey of visible radiation and design inside informations, the station doesn’t seem to encompass any facets of natural belowground infinite by throw outing darkness from every cranny in the design. First of wholly, the chief focal point comprises of 3 swelling glass canopies whose premier map is to pull daylight deep into the infinite. But the dimensions of the infinite prevent these from holding a important consequence all twenty-four hours long, therefore the acceptance of bright unreal lighting reduces any transitional effects between the exterior and interior to about nil. In comparing, the station at Westminster begins with a significant descent into the deepnesss of the resistance, which has a ritualistic journey reminiscent of falling into a immense cavern. The difference here is in the dimensions of the infinite which is of verticalness, about falling off from street degree, past the subterraneous substructure, into the shadows of the underworld. This is augmented by the honestness of its building which contributes to the dramatic ambiance through sheer hardiness of technology. The unreal lighting used has been smartly situated in order to move functionally and atmospherically. The visible radiations act like a beacon that directs riders out of the station, as if they are returning to the daytime of street degree, but they besides create an astonishing atmosphere by projecting infinite consists of criss-crossing stations and beams between the falling shafts, which catch the visible radiation in apposition, which besides conflicts with the framing o f a bird-eye position on the station floor. Percepts of the infinite are improbably phenomenological, prosecuting the topic with the architecture and successfully switching the position from street degree to the resistance. In my sentiment the rules in which Michael Hopkins Architects have based their architecture upon, to a great extent implement the theories of the sublime into a rationalized design tantrum to function as a functional infinite, but besides an improbably atmospheric experience for the topic. On the contrary, Foster+ Partners’ attack to belowground infinite tantrums in with the to the full rational attack of modernist theory, which alternatively of tackling the qualities of visible radiation and rites that go in tandem with the experience of the resistance, transparence has claimed its triumph. Thereby, through an extended concurrence between empyreal theory and belowground infinite, in peculiar the civic architecture of metropolis degrees, many differentiations have been made that nexus empyreal theory to infinites that we have discussed, doing it enormously relevant. What distinguishes the infinites I have talked about from Architecture is its irrational nature in the fact that Earth is excavated to make a functional infinite. There is no seeable form to take into history when noticing on aesthetics of belowground infinite as one is surrounded by Earth. But it is exactly this that makes the irrational infinite of resistance more strictly empyreal than Architecture that tries to animate what irrational infinite has. Even though Westminster station applies much detailing with purpose to work empyreal traits, it will ne'er transgress the threshold, due merely to the fact that the rational procedure designers apply to plan, retreats from organic idea. The design of civic comf ortss is apparently free from rational idea because there is no demand to take the human experience into consideration. Therefore, it may stand as its ain separate entity, suspended in the resistance, beautiful because it has been designed to be beautiful.

Ways of KNowing

WHEN Is a focus on the primary medical management of women's health throughout the phases of a man's life. Many aspects of a woman's life are variables that will affect her general health and wellness. For example, relationships, children, career, family, finances, environmental factors, spirituality, and other influences collectively impact a woman's health and wellness. In my own nursing experience, I recall a difficult client care situation that perplexed me with serious ethical questions and allowed me to unfold a â€Å"bigger picture† of the woman's life.This woman contracted HIVE during her first sexual encounter at the age on nineteen. I had the privilege of knowing her when she was the age of thirty-three which for her was the end of her life due to the disease processes. I spent a good deal of time with her In clinical practice and came to a full understanding and appreciation of her life story but not at first. I created many barriers for myself and for her with resp ect to vast commodities and clinical needs beyond comparison to many other patients I had encountered.The barriers were created because of my intolerance and objectivity I had created against the WAITED population. I learned later that she was the loving mother of a child that she could not physically see because she had lost her eyesight. She was alone. She was abandoned by the father of the child who was the carrier of the HIVE she had contracted. She was angry. She was scared. She was mistreated and abused by her family and the system. My moment of knowing myself finally came when I was able to see myself as being this person.She could have been anybody life story. During this time I was able to re-evaluate my personal feelings and biases and this particular tuition brought to fruitful a nurse that was less Judgmental, more understanding, more tolerant, and most Importantly more knowing. This happened long before I knew there was Integrated Theory and Knowledge Development in Nur sing. All the while, we nurses have been developing ways of knowing and like many of my fellow undergraduate nurses, I did not acknowledge the term â€Å"Knowing† in the sense of an art.Former clinical experiences have influenced how I acquire knowledge in my latter clinical practice. I use an integrated approach to the collection and analysis of ATA from personal, ethical, and empirical perspectives. Personally, I am aware that I am human and can easily become consumed in opinions and prejudices. I understand that ownership of a prejudice in nursing creates barriers that will not allow the nurse patient relationship to flourish. The nurse's failure in realizing the self as a potential barrier Is also the nurse's failure In delivering the most therapeutic and holistic care possible.I consider psychosocial, demographic, ethnic, cultural, and/ or religious factors that may bear weight on a therapeutic plan of care. I pay attention to facial expressions, educational level, langu age, and family members. Is religious practices that prevent certain treatments? Is the patient in pain? These are important questions that I ask or observe for gathering information and formulating a specific plan of care. What can I do as the primary nurse to be part of a therapeutic clinical plan of care? What can I say to add words of comfort in times of fear?How can I be proactive in the community to raise a level of awareness concerning senseless acts of violence or the spread of disease and infection? Am I using the best possible aseptic techniques to facilitate the most optimal outcomes during wound care and other invasive procedures? A combination of clinical objectivity, personal knowing, and ethical/disciplinary knowing are utilized during clinical practice to ensure I deliver the best care I can to the patients that I serve. The Phenomenon of Interest that I would like to further examine is as follows: Investigating the quality of life and health in infertility. Ways of Knowing I choose to talk on this essay about how they have an Impact on my process of acquiring knowledge are: 1) Emotion 2) Memory 3) Reason I will start with emotion. I believe emotion has a great role on all individuals' process of acquiring knowledge. That's because emotion Is Interfering in our choices at all moments.For example: When I started writing this essay I had to choose three from seven ways of knowing, and my emotions play a key role in this choice because I ended up choosing the ones I like the best, and now I will write a completely different say from which I would if I had chosen any other of the seven ways of knowing and this will have an impact on my process of acquiring knowledge. Another daily example of when emotion comes into its defining role is when we come into the position of having to choose where we are going to eat, at which restaurant.Emotion might lead us to choose our favorite restaurant other than trying out a new restaurant and this is avoiding us to try o ut new experiences, learn new food tastes and therefore emotion again has an impact on my/everybody process of acquiring knowledge. However emotion might also have a positive impact on ones process of acquiring knowledge. For example, I once traveled to New Zealand and had the chance to bungee Jump. My parents told me not to jump, they were scared that I could hurt myself Jumping, but my emotions told me that I should Jump, that It would be a good experience, something new.And so I did. Exposed myself to something new and therefore learned something, acquired knowledge. And all this positive acquiring of knowledge was only possible because my emotion told me to jump, to try something new. I believe memory has a very negative role on an individual's process of acquiring knowledge. That's due to the fact the many times people try something out and have a negative experience and this first negative experience stays in their memory and blocks them from trying this actively again and pos sibly having a positive second experience.I myself have many example of a blocking first negative experience. For example: When I was a kid, I tried this Russian food called â€Å"standoff' once and didn't like it, because of this experience I have never tried it again and this has avoided me from possibly having a positive second experience and possibly liking the dish very much, but the memory from the first negative experience has blocked me from ever having the second try. However memory can have some positive effects on an Individual's process of aqualung knowledge.For example: You might not have seen a friend for a long time, and you pass by him on the street. If it wasn't for your memory you might not recognize him and call his attention so that you two could meet each other after so many years and chat. If it wasn't for your memory (which allowed you to recognize your friend) you would not be able to meet him and chat with him, therefore you would not learn what he has been up too In the last few years.This recognition allowed an encounter which opens has been up too in the last few years). Reason is very similar to emotion, they are linked in a way, some say they are opposites. Reason is present in every decision we make. Using the example from emotion about the restaurants, reason might be present. For example: You might chose between restaurant A and restaurant B because restaurant A serves a type of food you like the best, that's reason involved in your Judgment.But how can reason affect your process of acquiring knowledge? Well, when studying for a test, you might be undecided whether to study from a book or study from the internet. When taking this decision you will (maybe even unconsciously) use reason to decide whether to study from a book or from the internet, and when you do so you will then have effectively affected your process of acquiring knowledge, as you will now be acquiring knowledge for your test from a different source.One personal example of how reason has affected my process of acquiring knowledge was when I was undecided whether to buy a book called â€Å"How to rap† or a book called â€Å"The www-tang manual†. I used reason on deciding which book to buy, Judging the pros and the cons of each book. And I finally decided to buy â€Å"How to rap†. This truly had an impact on my process of acquiring knowledge because I am now acquiring knowledge from the book â€Å"How to rap† but if my reason process had decided that â€Å"The www-tang manual† was a better book then I would be acquiring knowledge from â€Å"The www-tang manual†.Therefore reason helped me choose between two different sources of knowledge and now I am acquiring knowledge from one of them and not the other, therefore my process of acquiring knowledge has be affected. Reason might not always make you make the best decisions, it all depends on how you're reasoning process is made, but it surely happens in every decision we cake, Just like emotion. As a conclusion, I believe that all seven ways of knowing has an impact on an individual's process of acquiring knowledge.Some might be positive sometimes and some might be negative sometimes, but they are always taking a role, no matter if positively or negatively in or decisions and in or process of acquiring knowledge. The seven ways of knowing are present in or day to day lives (as seen in the examples given) and therefore it this important to understand how these impact our process of acquiring knowledge so that we can have better control of the effect these take in our life.

American History (the Old America and the New America) Essay

American History (the Old America and the New America) - Essay Example Author Gene Smiley (2008) writes that "despite the 1920-1921 depression and the minor interruptions in 1924 and 1927, the American economy exhibited impressive economic growth during the 1920s. The same can be said for the periods from 1992-2000, where the American economy grew only to worsen in the years after. Economic commentators in both era's have suggested that the 'seeds' to both the depression in the 1930's and the current recession in 2008 were sown in the boom periods preceding them. According to Smiley (2008), the 1920's America economic growth was very impressive. Many in the population owned cars, new household appliances, and homes. Innovations and inventions were in high rates and drove growth. Manufacturing was increasing leading to the growing rise in the productivity of labor and capital. New innovations and products created new markets and services. Company stocks experienced a boom in the markets. For example RCA, one of the 'high end' stocks of the era, experienced an appreciation in its value even though it paid no dividends: expectations were that high. Again similar to 'Old America', the period of the Internet boom of the late 1990s, led to a rapid expansion in the stock market for 'New America', especially for dot com and related companies. Schisms in 1920 American Society While America has transcended much of its infamous past, the issues of those days caused major splits in opinions between the supporters and those in opposition. The issues included conflicts of city and country, science and religion, and even issues relating to relationship with the monarchy and modernism. Schisms were the proof of America's multi-racial, multi-cultural fabric and multi-idealistic society. The 'melting pot' of nations was battling for its identity and there was a lot of resistance and disagreements. The Conflict of City and Country The so-called war [of ideas] between 'Old America' and 'New America' was in full throttle about the 1920's. Around 1919 anti-immigrant sentiments, nativism and radicalism were on the rise, mostly directed at the new arrivals from Southern and Eastern Europe. During period, urbanization trends were on the rise among native-born American population. The trends were spurred on because many Americans were now first time owners of automobiles. A drove of individuals from rural America migrated into the cities, and the cities expanded into the rural hinter lands. This shift brought issues between the city and country to the 'front burner' of debates. Yet this split between the rural and urban life was not between two exclusively opposing sides; there was an intertwining relationship. There were small towns with radicals and immigrants citizens, and a majority of people in cities still had ties to the country or were from it. At times the schisms seemed like they would 'destroy' the country. Indeed for many of the rural or city-dwellers the times were apocalyptic. There were no shortages of movements and schools of thoughts 'preaching' Freudianism, Evolutionism, and innumerable other ideas that seemed to be in concert to erase the traditional life or values of 'Old America'. It was also during this period that America initiated

Extra curricular activities at WCC Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Extra curricular activities at WCC - Essay Example In addition, WCC requires students to take courses that address global issues and increase awareness of diversity. For students who already have a strong focus on their goals, Associates degrees are offered that specialize in Administration of Justice, Business Administration, Computer Information Systems, Massage Practitioner, Medical Assisting, Nursing, Paralegal, Physical Therapist Assistant, Early Childhood Education, Education Paraprofessional, and Graphic Design. Each of these degrees requires 90 course credits. For students who don’t want a degree, but instead want to take courses that focus on a narrow choice of occupation, WCC offers 45 credit Certificate courses in Accounting, Business Information Systems, Early Childhood Education, Education Paraprofessional, Medical Assistant, Medical Practice Manager, Network Administrator, Office Administrator, and Technical Support. As you can see, these courses are more for the individual who needs certification for a specific job, or who wants to learn more about a profession in which they may hold an entry level job and are seeking to move to a higher position within their field. This college offers much more than just the opportunity to obtain a degree or a certificate. Many community education programs are offered which target working professionals. These courses are offered during the evenings and on Saturdays and can include cooking, courses to assist small business owners, information to help gardeners, creative writing workshops and even outdoor activities such as fly-tying for local fly fishermen. High School juniors and seniors can take advantage of getting college credits through Washington State’s Running Start Program. This program allows high school students to take college courses during their regular school day in order to get a â€Å"jump-start† on college. Although they have to pay tuition and book costs themselves (or their parents

How Far Do You Agree that Video Games Have Had a Negative Effect on Essay

How Far Do You Agree that Video Games Have Had a Negative Effect on Society - Essay Example There is a constant need to update oneself in the field of technology. Although video games are considered a separate industry of computers and online games it is extremely popular all around the world. It is for this reason that the need arose to study the effects of video games on society. Research has it that these games have had negative impact causing the society to collapse due to globalization. Video games are a virtual mode of entertainment. This form of entertainment received much attention when there was any better to be done in order to utilize time. Eventually the senior generation and traditional values became things of the past. One of the major negative effects of video games is the violence caused by it. The violent form of entertainment made the world scarier place forcing the youth to carry guns to places like school for their own protection which indirectly increased the chance of getting shot (Gentile, 2003). This vicious circle was a result of addiction to video games which included online games as well. The negative impact could easily be controlled if allowed access in a proscribed atmosphere. Unfortunately the world of gaming dragged the feeble mind into an abyss from which it was very difficult to pull oneself out. Another very significant downbeat influence of video games is the desensitization towards the harsher realities of life. The actual violence which occurs all around the world seems to be of lesser importance with the next level of the game in mind. The preoccupied mind fails to integrate the daily life situations with personal interests (Gentile, 2003). â€Å"Highly involving games would be more likely to disrupt cognitive rehearsal of thoughts related to positive mood† (Vorderer & Bryant, 2006). This implies that negative moods are likely to be generated with the exposure to violent and aggressive video games. Studies link exposure to violent content of these games (Gentile 2003). Video games became the center of disc ussion ever since the over-playing of these games started to reflect among children and especially teenagers. A lot of research has been done on the effect of video games hence there is much hype about the negative aspect of gaming. Games are good for human mind. But society in the modern world is surrendering to the latest development in technology allowing experimentation on younger minds without putting disclaimers on games which are easily accessible through the internet. Video games have become a source of comfort for the teens. They console them in times of loneliness and alienation from their own family (Ritzer, 2004). Social trends in the United States have been observed to go in a decline because of lesser interaction among people. This is because they spend more time on the computer mostly playing video games or using the social media network which has confined their socialization to a box instead of open gatherings (Sparks, 2006). It is a fact that video games are not age restricted. They are played by people of all age groups. The rate of playing video games increased from two hours a week to two hours a day in the 1980s. Everyone, however, does not agree that video games have an adverse effect on children. Psychologists point out that this may not be the case. Video games can damage the cognitive development of people and lead

Can global governance avert economic crises Term Paper

Can global governance avert economic crises - Term Paper Example terized by prolonged periods of increased unemployment and inflation, reduced international trade and investment, a loss of foreign reserves and recession. Various types of crises can arise in the global economy. An example of the crises is the financial crisis that is usually observed globally. A Financial crisis according to Portes (1998) is a situation where the financial markets are disturbed in such a manner that the markets fail to allocate the capital. As a result, the investment and the financial intermediation are gravely affected. A ‘financial crisis is’ a term that is usually broadly used for many types of crises. According to Portes (1998) a financial crisis is used to refer to exchange rate problems, bankruptcy, and debt defaults. Some of the examples of the financial crises are explained below. According to Jahjah (2000), defaults refer to a situation where any individual or a country fails to comply with the terms and conditions of an agreement and also is not able to pay the required debts at the already proposed time. An example of a default crisis would be the sub prime crisis that occurred in the US in 2008 where the borrowers were provided with the loans that could not be sold in the prime market according to Whalen (2008). The term ‘sub prime’ was used for the ‘sub prime’ crisis because it actually defines the status of the borrower. This means that during the crises that borrowers who had poor credit history were granted loans. As mentioned above, these loans could not be sold out to anyone in the prime markets. There was a sub prime crisis because the borrowers and lenders both were at risk. The reasons were that the sub prime lending according to Whalen (2008) meant that the borrowers and the lenders had to face markets with higher interest rates, a high rate of default and poor credit history. In the US according to Shankar (2008), the sub prime lending increased from 9% in 1996 to 21% in 2004. Some analysts argue that the

An Evaluation of the Impact of Sales Representatives on International Dissertation

An Evaluation of the Impact of Sales Representatives on International Business - Dissertation Example This dissertation is a qualitative analysis of the value of this method of business management. It discusses findings in the form of revenue and profit charts of the selected company, and analyses those findings in light of the restructuring of the company business policy by the incorporation of sales representatives as marketing agents. It concludes by presenting recommendations on the measures that could be adopted to improve the impact and efficiency of sales representatives across the world, by highlighting and studying the challenges that the representatives might face in the field. Through this dissertation, it is recommended that instead of relying solely on one technique of international business dealing, the multi national companies should employ a combination of techniques so that the limitations of one are compensated for by the advantages of the other; in this case, such combination would be that of using sales representatives along with retail and departmental stores for international business. ... †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 23 3.2: Findings†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 24 3.3: Analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 40 Chapter 4: Advantages and Limitaitons†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 43 4.1: Advantages of Sales Representatives†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 43 4.2: Limitations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 48 4.2a: Limitations of the study†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 48 4.2b: Limitations of the method†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 50 Chapter 5: Recommenda tions and Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦... 54 5.1: Recommendations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 54 5.2: Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 63 Bibliography†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 67 List of Tables Table Page Number 3.2.1: Revenue divisions of Avon†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 26 3.2.2: Fourth quarter revenue and profit Avon†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 27 3.2.3: Total and net global expenses of Avon†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 30 3.2.4: Zonal revenues and profits of Avon†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..39 List of Figures Figure Page Number 3.2.1: Overall percentage trend in total revenue and operating profits†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 33 3.2.2: Percentage trend in total revenue and operating profits in Latin America†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 34 3.2.3: Percentage trend in total revenue and operating profits in North America†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 35 3.2.4: Percentage trend in total revenue and operating profits in Central and Eastern Europe†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 36 3.2.5: Percentage trend in total revenue and operating profits in Western Europe, Middle East, and

Banned tv ads Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Banned tv ads - Essay Example In this paper we discuss the issues that have led to the banning of two condom adverts in the United States and also describe their intended meanings. The first advert informs and persuades consumers to use Dulex condoms, this advert is aimed at encouraging people to use Dulex condoms, the advert shows a male meeting a woman across the street but he is accompanied by some creatures at the back and this are intended to be signify sperms, however this creatures are trapped in the condom. In the second advert we have a man and male child where the child wants a product but the adult refuses to purchase the product, this shows that parents or adults should not restrict children to purchase products in the market including condoms, the other meaning is that adults should use condoms to avoid unwanted pregnancies that may lead to financial instability where one cannot afford products for their children. The adverts are created in such a way that they are appealing to the general public, they are supposed to pass the message to a lot of people and the more appealing an advert is then the more effective it becomes in the market, for this reason therefore adverts will use humor and other appealing features to encourage viewing and therefore achieve its intended purpose. The first reason why the adverts were banned is due to the fact that US advert regulation is very strict on adverts that are related to food and health, condoms are no exception in that they help in reducing sexually transmitted diseases and unwanted pregnancies, however these adverts may encourage individuals to engage in sexual activities, the adverts may encourage young children to have sex and this will have a negative impact in the society, this is because the advert is aimed at informing the consumers about an existing product and this advert is aimed at explaining its market size through encouraging people to have sex using

Creativity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Creativity - Essay Example The high demand for organic foods can be attributed to the benefits obtained from the food substances. Organic foods are nutritious and healthy because they do not contain harmful chemicals in farming. The main benefits of organic foods can be derived from their healthy and nutritious nature. Organic foods are produced using the best agricultural practices, which do not rely on synthetic fertilizers and chemical pesticides. The foods are also appealing to environmentally conscious consumers. These consumers prefer food substances, which have positive environmental impacts (Williams 21). The production of organic food is based on precise standards and practices of production. The main premise of labeling food substances as organic is the requirement for non-pesticide application (Reed 21). Organic foods refrain from the use of chemicals such as fungicides, herbicides, veterinary drugs, additives, synthetic preservatives and pesticides. As a result, hazardous residues are restricted to the lowest possible levels in organic foods. Organic foods avoid the use of chemicals and synthetic compounds because studies have established a negative correlation between exposure to pesticides and the development of dangerous health conditions (Hasler 3774). The presence of pesticides in food substances has been associated with acute health conditions such as eye and skin problems, vomiting, abdominal pains, nausea and headaches (Ungoed-Thomas 1). Long-term exposure increases the risk of severe chronic conditions such as memory deficits, respiratory problems and miscarriages. Besides the fact that organic foods have low pesticide and chemical residues, they also have high nutritional values and good taste. According to a study conducted in the European region, organic foods such as vegetables, fruits and milk are more nutritious and healthy compared to their non-organic equivalent. These studies found that organic foods had high levels or

The Republican Presidential Candidate's Stand on Stem Cell Research Paper

The Republican Presidential Candidate's Stand on Stem Cell - Research Paper Example This topic was once again brought to center stage because of Newt Gingrich's declaration as published in The Washington Post that he would ban embryonic stem cell research and also question the IVF practices (Tumulty, Karen, Gingrich Wows to Ban Embryonic Stem-Cell Research, Questions In Vitro Practices). His statement then led me to wonder about what the stand of the other 2 leading Republican presidential candidates would be on the issue. The answers I found were quite troubling. It would appear that save for Mitt Romney's limited knowledge of stem cell research, none of the GOP candidates actually understand the reasons behind the need to federally fund any stem cell research and as far as any of these candidates are concerned, scientific and medical advancements directly tied to stem cell research are a work of the devil and will not bring anything to our society. They believe that stem cell research is actually a method by which a child can legally be murdered by those around hi m. It saddens me to think that these candidates are so lost in their own world that they cannot see how stem cell research is actually a gift from science, not a tool of death. Through the years, the stem cell research debate has become one of the divisive arguments within the GOP. One which has their presidential candidates taking opposing sides, all with the intention of keeping their private and religious supporters happy and their campaign funds at a steady amount. However, the time has come for the Republican party to decide whether they are going to have candidates who represent the will of the people and the needs of many, or the religious aspect which is fast losing ground and support in an era when religious beliefs no longer hold as much power over the people as it did in the past decades. Of the three current frontrunners of the Republican party presidential race, two of them hold true and dear to their party standards while only one has chosen to be his own man and repre sent the actual will of the people on the issue. The two who stand for the traditional Republicans are Newt Gingrich and Rick Santorum, while the modernist who sees the whole picture and not just party guidelines is Mitt Romney. With Newt Gingrich, the current 2nd placer in the GOP primaries declaring that he shall continue to prevent the further growth of stem cell research due to his misguided belief that stem cell research destroys an unborn child's life, he has shown the public the kind of traditional candidate that he is. One who does not see into the future and only lives in the past. A remnant of a political era long gone. This is a statement to be held as true since he declared to the flock of followers at the Baptist Church in Winterpark, Florida that: ... embryonic stem-cell research amounts to â€Å"the use of science to desensitize society over the killing of babies.† (Tumulty, Karen, Gingrich Vows to Ban Embryonic Stem-Cell Research, Questions In Vitro Practices) By making such a declaration, the public may be led to believe that should Mr. Gingrich be elected to the White House, the scientific and medical community will suffer a significant setback in the research and development of disease prevention and cure. It is easy to see why he would make such a declaration, he is after all a Catholic convert and is a staunch pro-life supporter as well. Mr. Gingrich's sentiment is one which is familiarly echoed by the 3rd ranked GOP presidential cand

Etiquette Essay Example for Free

Etiquette Essay Discuss the importance of business and dining etiquette for international/global business students for their career success. Etiquette is a kind of rules that apply to social communications, professional workplaces and other important areas. In today’s business environment, proper business etiquette is a kind of business skills, which makes us stand out from others and makes a good impression to others, enhance our opportunities to be success (Sheahan, K. , 2013, para. 1) Proper business etiquette can help us to make a good impression during our job interviews. In a business environment, interviewers are more likely to be attracted by the interviewees who show good professional skills. Using proper business etiquette when we participate in a job interview can make a good impression to the interviewer, this increases our opportunity to be hired. For an instant, an interviewee who attends an interview on time, with proper wear, bring a pen to be in case, make more eye contact and understand the proper time to be the turn to speak has more chances of impressing the interviewer than the interviewee who is late or always talking without listening. These interviewees act good etiquette can make interviewers believe they are respected, professional and serious. Good business etiquette can promote our careers in the future (Sheahan, K. , 2013, para. 3). There is no doubt that the networking is significant for today’s business success, and etiquette is one of the key ways to build good relationships with others, so that our personal network could be expanded positively. There are number of business etiquette rules we should follow during our daily business activities, such as hand shaking, eye contact, and listen to others. And also dining business is very common in today, business dining etiquette is a kind of common business etiquette. If we do not understand the dining etiquette we may easily hurt our business relationship, so follow the dining etiquette is as important as daily face-to-face business etiquette (Hickman, K. , 2011, p90).

Bio-ethanol Production by Using Oil Palm Frond Juice (OPFJ)

Bio-ethanol Production by Using Oil Palm Frond Juice (OPFJ) OBJECTIVES To enhance bioethanol production using OPFJ as substrate To optimized biotehanol production using various fermentation mode INTRODUCTION AND RESEARCH BACKGROUND Brazil and USA is the first producers with the world ethyl alcohol production about 51000 mills liters with an average of 73% of produces ethanol worldwide corresponds to fuel ethanol, 17% to beverage ethanol and 10% to industrial ethanol (Eufrozina NIGA, 2009). Bio-ethanol can be a product from an edible source which known as first generation bio-ethanol such as sugarcane and corns. Second generation of bio-ethanol is from lignocelluloses biomass is from non-edible source such as palm oil biomass. This make second generation of bio-ethanol is a better choice to replace fossil fuel without disturbing food sources. By converting the waste into valuable product we can reduce the environmental problem. Lignocelluloses material contain about 50% 60% carbohydrate in the form of cellulose and hemicelluloses which may be fermented to ethanol and 20%-35% of lignin (Mats Galbe et al, 2007). Nowadays palm oil tree is one of the main source for the production of bio-ethanol but there are not m uch attention is been given to oil palm sap which are product that come from the tree component such as oil palm trunk and oil palm fronds. Malaysia is the world’s largest exporter of palm oil product. Malaysia produces a large amount of agro-industrial residue with oil palm industry itself produced about 33 million tons of residues annually in the form of empty fruit bunch, fiber and shell (MPOB, 2009; Mohamed and Lee, 2006). Malaysia has produced about 51 million tons of oil palm fronds with 53% of the total palm biomass in year 2008 (Goh et al, 2010; MPOB, 2009). Bio-fuel that produces from palm oil tree is an environmental friendly therefore many interest are being shown to this sources. Mostly, the major parts of the solid biomass from the oil palm tree are being leave behind on the plantation is to be found as oil palm fronds. It has been reported that about 46837K tons of oil palm fronds has been produced in Malaysia in the year 2007 as an agriculture wastes. Palm oil frond is one of the useful raw materials for the production of bio-ethanol which is environmental friendly way. Pre-treatment of the oil palm frond need to be done to achieve a good bio-ethanol production. However, ethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass is relatively expensive because of the latest technologies. The main contradict are low yield and cost of the hydrolysis process (Sun and Cheng, 2002). Thus, oil palm frond juice is being introduced as another source for the production of bio-ethanol. Previous study has been shown that oil palm juice is suitable to used as fermentation feedstock because there was no inhibition on microbial growth or product formation, there were no impurities, it was easy to be operated, and it had no risk on health and safety (Zahari et al, 2012). Oil palm frond sap has been proved by Zahari et al. (2012) contains high sugar content which is 76.09 Â ± 2.85 g/l. There has been reported by Eze and Ogan (1988) that sucrose is the dominant sugar in the oil palm frond sap that consist of 10% w/v, as for glucose and fructose consist of et al, 2010. However in Malaysia, a study shows that glucose is the dominant sugar in the oil palm sap (Kosugi et al., 2010). Since there are many studies show that oil palm juice contains higher sugar content, a high level of the production of bio-ethanol from oil palm sap is further study. A study by Nwachukwu (2008) shows that improving yeast resistance by protoplast fusion increased yields of ethanol by 16% v/v. Apart from that, types of fermentation also one of the factor that improve the production of bio-ethanol. Thus, this project aim is to increase the yield of the bio-ethanol production using oil palm frond juice by various type of fermentation process. PROBLEM STATEMENT Uses of natural sources like petroleum is been used over the decades and the demand of this sources are being increases from time to time. Over the century, there are an increasing of energy consumption with the increasing of world population, thus more growing countries become industrialized which there are possibility that the sources will be depleted one day. Apart from that, petroleum is harmful to human and environment and with the increasing of fossil fuel will lead to increasing of carbon dioxide that eventually leads to global warming issue. Thus, an alternative sources of the fuels is been quest to overcome the shortness of the fossil fuels. Bio-ethanol is one of the solutions to this problem. This is because bio-ethanol is a form of renewable energy source which are easy available, low cost and most efficient bio-fuel. Bio-ethanol offers a great advantages because it can be produced from various feedstock such as corn, sugarcane, red seaweed part sugar beet and many more (M ohd Dinie et al, 2013).Apart from that , bio-ethanol help in reducing air pollution and carbon dioxide accumulation. Nowadays, high demands of fuel are been constantly increase over the world. Brazil is been known as the largest producer of the sugarcane and a most competitive producer of the bio-ethanol in the world. The arises of bio-ethanol from sugarcane is a prove that energy sources are being run out and constant increasing of fuel cars around the world. Fossil energy gives an impact to the atmosphere because the burning of the petroleum result in increasing of carbon dioxide emission to the environment which is the main causes of greenhouse effect. Production of bio-ethanol is increase significantly because many countries are looking for reducing oil imports, increasing rural economies and for better air quality (Eufrozina NIGA, 2009). 4.0Â  METHOD 4.1Â  Raw material preparation and Juice Clarification. (Potential Utilization of Sap from Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis) for Lactic Acid Production by Lactobacillus casei by S. Chooklin et al, 2011) Oil palm frond (OPF) will be harvest from oil palm tree from a local oil palm plantation. The leaves from the frond will be cut off and discard. The harvest OPF will be press using sugar-cane machine press as soon as possible after the frond was harvested. OPF juice produced will be collect and filtered using coffee filter. The filtered OPF juice will be centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 15 minutes. Supernatant will be stored at -20Â °C before use. 4.2 OPF Juice Sugar Composition (Ethanol Production Using Immobilized Saccharomyces cerevisiae in Lyophilized Cellulose Gel by Eleonora Winkelhausen et al, May 2010) HPLC type:HPLC (Shimadzu Japan ), equipped with refractive index Detector Type of column: APS-Hypersil column ( diameter of 250mm x 46mm) Mobile phase:70% Acetonitrile and 30% de-ionized water Column temperature:40Â °C with maximum operating temperature of 80Â °C Flow rate: 0.6 ml/min Sample volume: 20Â µl Pressure: 10MPa 4.3Â  Pure Culture Establishment (Study on Bioethanol Production from Oil Palm Trunk (Opt) Sap by Using Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Kyokai No.7 by Nina Farhana 2010) (Isolation of Microorganism from Oil Palm Sap by Nurul Nadia Ummira, 2011) 100mL of the Nutrient Broth Medium supplemented with g/L; Yeast Extract, 5; Peptone, 10 and 15% of glucose solution, 50 (Jamaludin, 2010) will be measured in a 250mL conical flask and will be autoclaved at 121 C in 15 minutes. Saccharomyces cerevisiae will be subculture into the Nutrient Broth. The mixture will be incubated for 24 hours at 150 rpm, 30oC. The suspension obtained will be subculture on the Nutrient Agar slant and will be incubated for another 2-3 days. The Nutrient Agar slants will be stored in refrigerator at 4oC. 4.4 Inoculums preparation (Study On Bio ethanol Production From Oil Palm Trunk (OPT) Sap by Using Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Kyokai No.7 by Nina Farhana 2010) (Optimization study of ethanol fermentation from oil palm trunk, rubber wood and mixed hardwood hydrolysates using Saccharomyces cerevisiae by K.L. Chin et al , 2010) About 3 4 loop of pure culture will be transferred from agar slant into 100 mL of sterile Nutrient Broth in 250 ml conical flask plug with sterile cotton. The flask will be incubated for 24 hours at 30Â °C and 150 rpm until reach standard initial concentration. The cell concentration will be standardized to 0.2 0.4 g/L (OD = 4.2) determined by turbidimetry at 600 nm. 4.5 Fermentation a) Batch fermentation will be performed for the optimization of bio-ethanol production. b) 20% (v/v) of inoculums size will be inoculated into the bioreactor with the condition of pH 4.5 and temperature of 30Â ºC , air flow rate of 1 vvm, agitation of 200 rpm with the initial 02 concentration of 30 %. c) The fermentation process will be carried out for 42 hour and sample will be taken out every 3 hour and analyze for bio-ethanol production, sugar and cell biomass. d) All experiment will be run in triplicate. 4.5.1Â  Batch fermentation. 4.5.1.1Â  Effect of sugar concentration (Effect of Cultural Conditions on Ethanol Production by Locally Isolated Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Bio-07 by Arifa Tahir et al, 2010) OPF juice volume use will be varied in the range of 30% to 50%. (30%, 40%, 50%) 4.5.1.2Â  Effect of agitation speed (Optimization of Fermentation Medium for the Production of Ethanol from Jaggery Using Box-Behnken Design by Mary Anupama.P et al 2010) The fermentation will be carried out at different agitation rate in the range of 125 rpm to 175 rpm. (125, 150, 175) 4.5.2Â  Fed Batch fermentation 4.5.2.1Â  Effect of feeding rate (Production of Ethanol by Fed- Batch Fermentation by Ngoh Gek Cheng et al, 2009) The fed batch fermentation will be run according to the best optimized condition from the batch fermentation condition. Substrate will be feed continuously into the bioreactor using peristaltic pump at glucose concentration (glucose concentration from OPFJ?) varying from 2 ml to 8 ml at feeding rate of 2 ml/h . (2 ml , 4 ml, 8 ml) 4.5.2.2Â  Effect of feed time (Production of Ethanol by Fed- Batch Fermentation by Ngoh Gek Cheng et al, 2009) a) Substrate will be feed from the interval of every one hour to three hour at feeding rate of 2 ml/h. ( 1 hour , 2 hour , 3 hour ) 4.6Â  Harvesting (Study on Bioethanol Production from Oil Palm Trunk (Opt) Sap by Using Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Kyokai No.7 by Nina Farhana, 2010) Each batch of fermentation will be terminated according to optimized time period. b) Sample (15 ml) will be taken out and the samples will be kept in refrigerator at 4oC before analyze for bio-ethanol production, sugar and cell biomass. 4.7Â  Yeast strain and it improvement (High-level Production of Ethanol during Fed Batch Ethanol Fermentation with a Controlled Aeration Rate and Non-Sterile Glucose Powder Feeding of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by Hyen-beom-seo et al, 2009) a) Saccharomyces cerevisiae will be growth on Nutrient Broth (yeast extracts, 10g/l; peptone, 20g/l; glucose, 20g/l and agar, 20g/l) slant in a 30 ml universal bottle. b) The slant culture will be exposed with UV light (6 watt, 254nm) for 15 second interval at a distance of approximately 7 cm from the slant. c) A loopful of irradiated slant culture will be streak onto a Nutrient Broth agar plate and subsequently incubated for 3 days at 27Â ºC. d) After that the colonies will be incubated in Nutrient Broth medium containing 100 g/l of ethanol at 27Â ºC while shaking at 100 rpm for 5 days to select resistance colonies. 4.8 Analysis method 4.8.1 Sugar content by HPLC (Oil Palm Fronds Juice as Future Fermentation substrate: A Feasibility Study by Che Mohd Hakiman Che Maail et al, 2014) HPLC type:HPLC (Shimadzu Japan ), equipped with refractive index Detector Type of column: APS-Hypersil column ( diameter of 250mm x 46mm) Mobile phase:70% Acetonitrile and 30% de-ionized water Column temperature:40Â °C with maximum operating temperature of 80Â °C Flow rate: 0.6 ml/min Sample volume: 20Â µl Pressure: 10MPa 4.8.2Â  Cell dry determination (Study on Bioethanol Production from Oil Palm Trunk (Opt) Sap by Using Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Kyokai No.7 by Nina Farhana 2010) Cell suspension will be vaccum-filtered using 0.45Â µm filter paper Cell suspension for each samples will have to be rinsed 2x with distilled water. Each sample will be dried at 70Â °C more than 24 hours until constant weight achieved. Dried filter paper will be weighed on a analytical balance to measure the biomass. 4.8.3 Ethanol concentration using GC (Production of Ethanol by Fed –Batch Fermentation by Ngoh Gek Cheng et al, 2009) Column : RT-Q-BOND (inner diameter of 0.32 mm) Carrier gas: Helium gas Detector: Flame ionization detector (FID) Temperature : 200 C Flow rate : 21.9 mL/min Pressure : 71.1 kPa Holding time : 5 minutes % bioethanol yield is calculated using this formula: 5.9 OPTIMIZATION OF ETHANOL FERMENTATION RSM analysis will be conducted using Design Expert Software. The optimized parameters will be verified by running the new fermentation as suggested. 6.0 ANALYSIS The significance of difference between each test variable will be determined using one way ANOVA analysis and Least Significance Test, computed using SPSS version 21.0 software. All tests will be done with a confidence interval of 95%. 7.0Â  REFERENCES Ngoh Gek Cheng, M. H., Andri Chahyo Kumoro, Tham, C. F. L. A. M. 2009. Production of Ethanol by Fed-Batch Fermentation. Pertanika J. Sci. Technol., 17, 399 – 408. Hyeon-Beom Seo, Seung Seop Kim,Hyoen0Yong Lee and Kyung Hwan Jung (2009).High level Production of Ethanol during Fed-Batch Ethanol Fermentation with a controlled Aeration Rate and Non-Sterile Glucose Powder Feeding of Saccharomyces cerevisie .Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering,14, 591-598. Jamaludin, N. F. M. 2010. Study On Bioethanol Production From Oil Palm Trunk (Opt) Sap By Using Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Kyokai No.7(ATCC 26422). Bachelor of Chemical Engineering (Biotechnology), Universiti Malaysia Pahang. Zahari, M. A., Zakaria, M. R., Ariffin, H., Mokhtar, M. N., Salihon, J., Shirai, Y. Hassan, M. A. 2012. Renewable sugars from oil palm frond juice as an alternative novel fermentation feedstock for value-added products. Bioresour Technol, 110, 566-71. Che Mohd Hakiman Che Maail, Hidayah Ariffin,Mohd Ali Hassan,Umi Kalsom Shah and Yoshihito Shirai (2014).Oil Palm Frond Juice as Future Fermentation Substrate : A Feasibility Study.Bioresource Technology,110,566-71. Miller, G.L., Use of dinitrosalicylic acid reagent for determination of reducing sugar,Anal. Chem.,31,426, 1959. GANTT CHART AND MILESTONES

Learning through exploration, active participation and imitation

Learning through exploration, active participation and imitation Young children learn through exploration, active participation and through imitation and as such quality arts programme comprising of all art forms visual art, music, media, dance and drama should be included as part of the curriculum in the early childhood classroom. As stated by Spodek,1993 (cited in Isenberg Jalongo, 2001) through participating in the art activities children are able to express themselves and it provides opportunities for development of creativity , symbolizing and enhances their learning about aesthetics which further helps them gain academic knowledge. Smith, 1982 (cited in Wright, 1991) mentioned that children are able to organise their experiences and know about themselves and their world through participating in the arts. Dyson (1990, p.52) further stated that art and play have critical roles in childrens growth as symbol makers . Like play, art is voluntary and intrinsically motivated as children are free to choose the content and direction of the activity . There are no external demands or expectations and children are free to explore, experiment and investigate with the people, objects and materials provided. He also mentioned that children pursue art activities for intrinsic pleasure rather than external rewards. Furthermore, the gestures and first words children use during make believe play reflect upon peoples actions and things around their daily lives which is the early understanding of symbolisation as well as the basic foundation that develops into drawing pictures, spoken and written words in their later stages. Based on my practical experiences in the classroom and as well as through the readings from books I believe that arts is just as important as any other subject in the curriculum and children do learn and develop their physical, intellectual, emotional and social skills through participating in the arts activities. It is also a requirement by the Ministry of Education that the arts be included as part of the curricul um in the Singaporean classroom. (cited in Framework for A Kindergarten Curriculum in Singapore, 2006). This essay is a brief attempt at looking at the importance of the arts in the education of young children drawn from two art forms which are music and drama. According to Isenberg Jalongo, (2001) four types of learning are promoted through the arts and they are 1) knowledge about the arts 2) skills in the arts 3) dispositions towards the arts and 4) feelings about the arts. As knowledge about the arts is developed through sensory experiences and explorations of materials, children provided with such opportunities to observe, explore and discover about the world, develop their cognitive ability and it further enhances foundation for later learning in the preschool years whereby they use symbols, language and make believe play develops. Skills in the arts are developed when children are allowed to explore and experiment in a safe and healthy art environment provided with a variety of tools and materials under the guidance of an adult who has already acquired these skills. For example, children creating a paper use the skill of printing, painting, tearing, rolling, and colour mixing. They use their fine motor skills, eye hand coordination and social interaction skills. Throughout the activity they engage in the process of problem solving as they experiment with colour and texture to create the paper. There is a certain amount of trial and error while they experiment with the tools. Self expression as children are able to use their own imagination and creativity to express themselves while creating the paper. (Isenberg Jalongo, 2001) Vygotsky, according to Berk, (2000) viewed childrens cognitive development as a socially mediated process whereby processes and skills are transferred and supported from more knowledgeable adult as children try new tasks. He also believed that as long as children acquire language, their ability to communicate with others leads to changes in thought and behaviour that vary from culture to culture. As such, the third type of learning dispositions towards art depends on the adult being the role model and the interaction with more competent peers and teachers to support the child to parti cipate successfully in the arts. Providing feedback as stated by Wright, (1991) is part of summative assessment that guides childrens learning and helps them acquire the elements, concepts, forms, and vocabulary about the arts. When children are given opportunities to respond to art works created by others, for example, when they are taken for visits to art galleries and teachers model ways to respond thoughtfully while viewing the works by professional artist children learn to respect the work of others and when teachers value childrens work and display them, these develops their sense of efficacy and enables them to have positive feeling about the arts. On the other hand, Swanwick, (1998) mentioned that the three elements of play applicable to learning through the arts are mastery, imitation, and imaginative play. Mastery involves learning of a skill associated with an art form for example children learning to make finger puppets for a drama performance or trying to keep to the rhythm while experimenting with a musical instrument during a musical percussion session. Children being able to identify things and people other than themselves as well as learning how to express sympathy, empathy and show concern explains the expressive nature of the art form known as Imitation. Based on my classroom experience, preschoolers making musical sounds for pigs running away from the wolf and moving their bodies to suggest movements of a wolf and expressing through facial expressions as an angry wolf for a drama performance of the story Three Little Pigs are examples of imitation. Imaginative play focuses on the structure of an art form. Examples of imaginative play during the Three Little Pigs drama are when children experiment with different musical instruments until they are able to create the sound that best resembles the pigs running away from the wolf and when experimenting with the different ways as they can move that suggests the movement of the wolf. Swanwick, (1998) also suggests that all three elements of play must be in action for all ages in order to learn through the arts. Isenberg Jalongo, (2001) claim that music contributes to the total development of the child cognitive, physical, social, emotional, cultural and aesthetics. In my centre, we have a music and movement area equipped with a variety of musical instruments like bells, tambourines, triangles etc. Children participate in music and movement activities whereby they move as well as sing along and play musical instruments. Through these activities children develop their large muscles of their bodies as they invent actions to go along with the songs .They develop fine motor skills as they play musical instruments and become aware of beat, tempo, and pitch. These activities also build kinaesthetic intelligence. Gardner, (1973, cited in Isenberg Jalongo, 1997) Children gain experience with music and use of language as they sing the songs for instance when singing the song If you happy and you know it clap your hands they link words with actions and focus on the sequence and task and all these i nvolves childrens ability to process mentally the tone, rhythm, and melody and thus involves thinking skills and cognitive connections between music and learning. As mentioned by Isenberg Jalongo , 1997 that Bruners three learning stages enactive, iconic and symbolic suggests developmentally appropriate musical experience for children and they add that Bruners enactive stage relates to Piagets(1952) sensorimotor stage and Eriksons (1950) trust-building stage where physical activity and music are intertwined. Thus, musical activities stimulate the childrens senses, cognitive development and also build social relationships. Childrens creativity is enhanced when they are asked to decide on the other actions and movement apart from those suggested by the teacher. As stated by McAllester, (cited in Isenberg Jalongo, 1997) music encourages participation, sharing and cooperation .Through participating in the musical activities, there is cooperation and sharing when children get together and work with a partner or in a group and these develops their social skills. Music is also an excellent tool to familiarise children with the different culture. When children are given the opportunity to experience and listen to different cultural music, they begin to appreciate and understand what each ethnic group is about.and these develops their aesthetic skills and understand the art form. Cornett (1999) supports the need for teachers to integrate creative drama in the classroom as she states that drama being a part of everyday life, prepares an individual to connect to real life situations. Cornett (1999) adds that when children are participating in the drama, they are able to look at problems from different points of view, respect diverse thinking, and realise that there are many ways to settle one problem. She further states that through drama, children learn to exchange feelings and emotions with each other. This enhances their personality development. Cornett (1999) also states that personal development takes place when children control their body and words as they express ideas and feelings during the drama activities. She also indicated that positive self image and confidence are developed through the problem solving situations. Cornett (1999) reiterates that children engaging in situational confrontations during their role play, also become aware of the different emotions people feel for example happiness, sadness .anger, fear. She adds that the children learn that these feelings can be dealt with, thus developing a tolerance towards them. Isbell Raines (2007), agree that social skills can be developed in drama as children working in a group overcome difficulties through problem solving skills. They experience working with peers as they negotiate plans to stage the drama. During interactions, children learn to negotiate with each other, work cooperatively, and develop respect for each other. In my centre, besides the dramatic play in the home corner, my class of four year olds involve in simple puppetry and mask drama using rhymes and childrens stories. Rhymes like This little pig went to market are taught to children using puppets and later children retell the rhyme using the puppets. In addition, children take turns to dramatise the rhyme each child given a mask of a pig (mask designed and made by child), actions like going the market, eating roast beef are incorporated. Puppets and mask are excellent props in focusing childrens attention. Through such activities children are able to participate in dramatic action using the element role, as they pretend to be someone other than themselves. Language is enhanced as they retell rhyme and children are able to express ideas and feelings through dramatic movement. (Isbell Raines, 2007) .As mentioned above, experts strongly believe that musical activities and drama enables children to develop their physical, cognitive, social, emotional and aesthetic skills as well as to provide opportunities for development of self expression, creativity, symbolizing all of which enhances their academic knowledge .There are many opportunities for children to learn and develop skills, knowledge and processes through participation in the arts , as such having discussed the benefits and leaning outcomes of childrens participation in the arts , I strongly believe that the arts is important in the education of preschoolers and all art forms should be integrated into the preschool curriculum with equal emphasis as any other subject in the curriculum.

Confession :: essays research papers

con ·fes ·sion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Forgive me Father, for I have sinned.† This simple phrase from Roman Catholic dogma conjures up images of famous Hollywood confessions and dramatizations, but the real root of the phrase has a much more obscure past. Not only found in modern Catholicism, the confession of sin, along with the confession of faith, can be seen in religious practices throughout the world. The simplest definition Webster gave the confession of sin is â€Å"a written or oral statement acknowledging guilt, made by one who has been accused or charged with an offense† (Bookshelf). However, Webster also recognizes the less thought of definition of the confession of faith as â€Å"an avowal of belief in the doctrines of a particular faith; a creed† (Bookshelf).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The double-edged meaning of the word â€Å"can be partially explained by the etymology† (Eliade 1). The word confession derives from the Latin word confiteor which means to â€Å"confess a sin or fault,† but in a more general since the word can also mean â€Å"to acknowledge or avow.† Thus, with the understanding of the Latin root, one may speak of the sinner who confesses his sin, or of the martyr who confesses his faith. Regardless of which usage is being applied, the religious rules of the confession must be followed. It must take place in front of a recipient, or one who hears the confession. â€Å"In many cases, it is preformed in the interest not only of the one confessing but also of the community to which both the confessing person and the recipient belong† (Eliade 1). With an understanding of the underlying meanings of the confession one may begin to explore the development of the phenomenon and its function in modern religion.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A common way to view the confession of sin is as one part of the entire sacrament of penance. The confession along with the elements of prayer, sacrifice, and penance lead up to the act of absolution or forgiveness ( Gentz 280). In early Christian religion the confession began as a â€Å"ritualized group avowal of sin as part of Sunday worship;† moreover, in Judaism it developed into the annual congregational confession of sins known as Yom Kippur, the Day of Atonement (Gentz 290). Both examples of early confession resemble today’s modern idea of publicly professing one’s faith and acknowledging one’s sins before a recipient, in this case being the congregation as a whole, but it wasn’t until later in Eastern and Western Christianity that the individual confession emerged.

Oppression in Cry Freedom Cry, the Beloved Country :: Cry the Beloved Country Essays

Oppression in Cry Freedom   Cry, the Beloved Country  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      For years the government of South Africa suppressed its black population. Oppression that wasn’t deserved, oppression based on difference in color. In both of these works, the cries of South Africa were heard. The cries of the black people that are the foundation of South Africa, the blacks that were the heart of what South Africa was all about. In both stories, there is the fact that the only way to change your ways sometimes has to come through suffering. In Cry Freedom, we   see change through extreme suffering in the character of Donald Woods. Woods starts out in the movie as being not really open to the ideas of black consciousness. He sees them as only getting the blacks into more trouble. After meeting Biko, he starts to warm up to the ideas the blacks hold precious, but when Biko dies, Woods becomes a whole new man. Immediately, Woods begins to notify the public about how these blacks are being treated. He changes the way he goes about fighting for the rights of the blacks. Before, he only stood behind the black population of South Africa. After Biko’s death, he leads them. He is looked down upon by most whites, and hate crimes, like when the police came to his house and shot through the windows,   are committed against him and his family. Yet still, he fights. He moves his whole family away and writes a book to help the plighted blacks in South Africa. After Biko’s death, he begins to see himself as the only o ne who can continue Biko’s hope for South Africa. In Cry, the Beloved Country, every character involved goes through severe suffering and it leads to change. Kumalo goes through tremendous suffering, with the death of his son. He has to face it, and begin to understand the many problems in the lives of the black population in South Africa. He leaves Johannesburg   with a new and improved view on the changes taking in place in the South Africa that he used to know. We see Kumalo’s change after he returns to Ndotsheni. â€Å"Kumalo began to pray regularly in his church for the restoration of Ndotsheni. But he knew that was not enough. Somewhere down here upon the earth men must come together, think something, do something†(Paton 263). He now realizes that praying isn’t enough, that he has to work toward making South Africa a better place.

Jig’s Decision in Ernest Hemingway’s “Hills Like White Elephants” Essay

Ernest Hemingway’s â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† presents what is seemingly a pointless conversation between a man and a woman as they look at the hills in Spain which the woman considers to present the image of white elephants trailing each other across the valley. Although the main topic of their conversation is not explicitly mentioned in their conversation, it seems as if the man is encouraging the woman to commit an abortion. The story begins with a description of the place where both individuals are having their conversation. It states, â€Å"The hills across the valley of Ebro were long and white. On this side there was no shade and no trees and the station was between two lines of rails in the sun† (Hemingway, 2001, p. 563). The importance of the hills to the narrative is made evident in the later part of the text as the woman mentions that â€Å"the hills are like elephants† and the man considers it to be a good comparison (Hemingway, 2001, p. 563). Later on the woman repeats the same line however it was placed in a different context as she states, â€Å"If do it, then it will be nice again if I say things are like white elephants, and you’ll like it? † (Hemingway, 2001, p. 563). In this context, the woman is questioning whether their relationship will still be the same given that she is hesitant about committing abortion and the man is continuously trying to persuade her to commit it. The significance of Jig’s comparison of the hills to white elephants is thereby evident as Jig weighs the consequences of adhering to the man’s desire to abort their child since a part of Jig knows that if she does abort their child, there is a large possibility that their relationship will end since her feelings for the man will be changed as he was the one who persuaded her to abort their child. The end of their relationship, in this sense, may be seen as a result of the lost of love between the couple since their relationship will be tainted by the knowledge that the man failed to be accountable for his actions which led them to abort their child. Reference Hemingway, E. (2001). Hills Like White Elephants. Rites of Passage: A Thematic Reader. Eds. J. Rae & C. Fraga. Np: Heinle & Heinle.

Leadership and Supervision Issues in Nathaniel Philbrick’s In the Heart of the Sea Essay

Nathaniel Philbricks In the marrow squash of the ocean describes the tragic final pilgrimage of the Nantucket- found whaler Essex in 1820. The Essex was a drift detailory, a comparatively sm all told in all unless sturdy vas designed to give kayoed dandy distances to find, kill, and process whales, thus resignation the extremely worthful whale anele and other products. In the spirit of the Sea also describes a series of errors, mishaps and miscalculations a approximate deal with fatal resultsin the precaution, subscribe toing and watchfulness of the enterprise.These events, scorn the distance in sentence, permit scenarios to comp atomic number 18 and contrast present-day c formerlypts of attractor transmit and supervision. The story of the Essex illustrates legion(predicate) instances of (a) low star sign escape before and during the journey, (b) poor staffing closings before and during the journey, (c) hesitant and/or poor leader place and (d) poor supe rvision which contributed to the difficult journey, the sinking of the Essex and the slimy aftermath. Typical of the practices of the era and locale, Essex was originaled, but non owned and provisioned, by a sailor-officer who had move through the posts.This would be the archetypal ascertain expedition of Captain George lop, Jr. By all accounts he had successfully go up to First Mate of the Essex on forward voyages and was given tribal chiefcy when the former captain was given a newer and larger vessel. alas he inherited a faint ship soon to be let out of commission. Accordingly the owners spent as lesser as possible on repairs of the vessel and even less on render for the multi-year cruise. at that place is no indication snip had any input in all decision.As this was his first command he was likely to remain in his employers good graces and refrain from insisting on offend repairs and outfitting. To further compound these initial as well as future problems was the lock payment structure in which dress and the crew were basically working on commission. Payment to officers and seamen alike would be a portion ground on rank and seniority paid tho if the valuable whale oil was safely in port. different go through captains had the top executive and preference to add to the original provisions. tushvass both decided to zeal sail despite the meager provisions or was inefficient to supplement them by his own means. This system strongly contrasts to management practices of the day as well as contemporary practices. Owner-operated businesses were not at all un general in the era with a strong active style of lead. Most striking would be the owner-operated vessels with a captain well-versed on ship maintenance and outfitting. Obviously today anyone would be considered naive at best and amuck at worst to bear away on such a logistical childbed of any sort without having been given decision-making situation. nowadays even with comp anies having distant or in public held ownership the leadershiphip and decision- fall inrs of the company ar urged to buy into the company in the adept of making decisions and leading in a manner consistent with actual ownership. If cut back rat be excused to some(prenominal) finish for the poor decision-making at home port, the unfortunate lack of seening during his beginning(a) voyage is his burden alone. After well-nigh loosing his ship virtually at the intrusion of the voyage he is all unable or incapable of tactical or strategic computer programmening when the Essex is destroyed.With a previously change vessel prudence would tell some sort of disaster plan short of a belief that lightingen up give not strike the said(prenominal) place twice. While the Essex was sinking it was the antepast of others who managed to salvage essential items. Some decisions defied common star. Instead of cooking and preparing a red-blooded amount of available turtle marrow squash he b arly placed deuce live turtles with each surviving whaleboat. mayhap clip did not think the incredible could find oneself again. Such plan and preparation is not something novel, for his era or ours.It is simply the ability to survive the surprising and the light to learn from it. Contemporary leadership in management, government, and virtually any other friendship base must be prepared for the unexpect. The unexpected and the disastrous will surely occur, normally when to the lowest degree expected. It consequently also deforms a learning live on for leadership to plan and think for the unplanned and unthinkable. self-consistent with the idea of poor or non-existent planning was the Nantucket concept of staffing vessels with the unskilled. trims ship was manned by a hearty number of sailors who had never lived in Nantucket nor experienced life on a whaler. Other sailors included inexperienced Nantucket youngsters anxious for their first cruise as well as officers sailing in newly-promoted ranks. It was expected of Pollard and his officers to essentially conduct on-the-job formulation for the unskilled staff. However, once again, if Pollard female genitals be excused for having to deal with something out of his control, the staffing decisions made during the disaster were his alone.Most distinct was the decision regarding the placement of the survivors in what would become their lifeboats. No consideration was given to skill, ability or health. Instead, it was a system based on whether a sailor was drear or white, Nantucketer or not. Apprenticeships and on-the-job preparation are time-honored practices dating pole centuries and still valid today. Both systems are based on both a lengthy or at least sufficient period of time and a non-critical or at least manage situation. The apprentice or OJT worker will make mistakes and is given the opportunity to make them and learn from them in a controlled situation. one time skilled , the staffing pattern must be create to suffer whatever production or quality standard is to be met. In an emergency situation such decisions must be made by leadership without being distracted by unavailing issues of race, class, or place of birth. Again, Pollard can be shielded to some extent by the customs and practices of his day. Contemporary leaders have no such excuse. Decision-making is practically made in the lonely nullity of sole command, something that Pollard, at times, was unable or willing to do. Leadership by consensus was not something he learned, but he did thusly practice.Additionally, indecision is in fact a decision, and one that eats time. After the initial near-fatal keeling of his ship Pollard commits both errors he abdicates sole leadership, procrastinates, reverses himself, and by trying to lead by consensus ultimately leads his ship to disaster. Again, forces work against Pollard. To turn back with a discredited empty ship would result in no wages a nd possibly a loss of command. By deciding to have-to doe with the voyage with a damaged ship, lose provisions, and muddled whaleboats Pollard was not talking a calculated risk, he was essentially dooming his ship and crew to disaster.Modern management case studies abound with the disastrous stories of handlers impuissance to decide and having that activity yield worsened results than a bad decision. Most missions are time-critical and while many, if not most missions can have a built-in regularity of correcting erroneous decisions in that honor is no method acting for reversing time woolly in indecision. The texts are equally full of the horror stories of leaders who take the ahead at all cost attitude without a living appraisal of whether their ship can consider the journey.This inevitably results in the learned experience that profitability at all costs is very unprofitable. After the sinking of the Essex a variety of decisions were made, some based on common sense, or lack of same, and others based on the nautical knowledge of the time. by chance the most glaring was the decision to include the surviving whaleboats to operate in an idiosyncratic fashion, without tying together during the night. While a questionable seafaring decision, it casts some light on broader contemporary issues.During critical situations, whether a production run or a full-scale emergency it is common sense and a practical necessity to maintain communication and command. Failure to maintain either can jeopardize the personnel and the mission. In the Heart of the Sea is filled with numerous examples of poor supervision. From the very onset at that place is no indication Pollard rattling supervised the repair and provisioning of his vessel it all likelihood he delegated a great deal of this responsibility to his First and uphold Mate. There is no indication he did a thorough, hands-on investigation of his damaged vessel after the initial near-sinking. at one time whal ing he was out in a whaleboat, as was the custom, instead of being in a position on knock down to supervise all of the events that would unfold. There is no indication he personally undertook a surveillance of Henderson Island to determine if it could sustain the crew, or in the alternative, if it could better provision the survivors on their continued voyage. During many of the catastrophic events Pollard seemed overwhelmed and incapacitated by the situation. He was unable to command and supervise what can wholly be described as good or life-saving activity unfolding in front of him.Once all was lost he decided to allow the boats to go their own way, and was unable to maintain the supervision of survivors when that was his most critical duty. Throughout the disastrous journey the questionable command of Pollard is and will be debated. What is certain is there was considerable enquiry at the time that he exercised the decision-making responsibilities in a discreet manner. The c aptain of a ship and the leader of a corporation must be able to face a situation, whether ordinary or critical, and make very vigorous and decisive actions.First and foremost is the decision of whether to take a hands on approach or delegate responsibility. There is no easy or set answer, and either method can be disastrous, if a leader usurps a represss better command of a situation or if responsibility is delegated to person incapable of handling the situation. However, the command of a ship is unique and very mistakable to many presidencyal situations in that the leader at the very top is expected to be well-versed and capable of every become in the entire organization.If that is not the case, then the leader must have a clear understanding of his personal abilities and limitations as well as that of all of the subordinates in the chain of command. Throughout the narratives and accounts which the book is comprised of there is mention of, and no doubt that the captain knew his ship better than anyone. However, it became very open-and-shut at the onset that his knowledge of his and his officers capabilities was suspect. At only one dapple was Pollard described as acting with the authority and decisiveness normally required of a ships captain.He apace and ferociously responded to an early protest by the crew relating to what they considered poor rations. His outburst and peril action quelled the protest and certainly left the crew with no doubt of his intent. However, what is missing is the not-unusual comments and attitude from crewmen indicating complete respect of their captain and their willingness to follow his commands, regardless of outcome, because of their knowledge of him and his ability.It is imperative upon leaders to not respectable know their workplace, but to know their staff. It is not enough to go ballistic once in a while to let the staff know what will happen if something is discovered amiss or in response to what behavior is no t to be tolerated. Command through intimidation is heady what is requisite of leadership is to prove susceptibility to staff and subordinates to the point where there is no doubt there is respect in the leaders ability.At that point leadership becomes natural if and when the staff and subordinates hope the leadership will in fact lead, but do so in a manner that takes into account the well-being, if not pick, of all. In modern society survival of the fittest is often economic survival, and depending on the organization or industry economic survival must be paramount in managements priorities. Pollard lost on both counts the voyage was a complete economic disaster and resulted in the deaths of the majority of his crew. The journey was a voyage of poor planning, staffing, decision-making and supervision.It is an epic of missed opportunities and unrealistic goals. It is a blueprint for any manager or leader in what not to do. Leadership cannot afford to be extempore in any of th e areas noted above. severally interact and influence the other, often in ways unanticipated and noted only too late. It is easy, but very necessary to look at situations with twenty-twenty hindsight if lessons are to be learned and errors prevented in the future. There is a host of what-if questions presented by In the Heart of the Sea which every leader should take to heart.